System.Convert.ToBase64String(byte[])

public static string Encrypt<T>(string value, string preplacedword)
                where T : SymmetricAlgorithm, new()
        {
            byte[] vectorBytes = ASCIIEncoding.ASCII.GetBytes(_vector);
            byte[] saltBytes = ASCIIEncoding.ASCII.GetBytes(_salt);
            byte[] valueBytes = UTF8Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(value);

            byte[] encrypted;
            using (T cipher = new T())
            {
                PreplacedwordDeriveBytes _preplacedwordBytes =
                    new PreplacedwordDeriveBytes(preplacedword, saltBytes, _hash, _iterations);
                byte[] keyBytes = _preplacedwordBytes.GetBytes(_keySize / 8);

                cipher.Mode = CipherMode.CBC;

                using (ICryptoTransform encryptor = cipher.CreateEncryptor(keyBytes, vectorBytes))
                {
                    using (MemoryStream to = new MemoryStream())
                    {
                        using (CryptoStream writer = new CryptoStream(to, encryptor, CryptoStreamMode.Write))
                        {
                            writer.Write(valueBytes, 0, valueBytes.Length);
                            writer.FlushFinalBlock();
                            encrypted = to.ToArray();
                        }
                    }
                }
                cipher.Clear();
            }
            return Convert.ToBase64String(encrypted);
        }

static void GetFileContent(string paylocation, string droploc, string fname, string dtype)
        {
            bool uricheck = Uri.IsWellFormedUriString(paylocation, UriKind.RelativeOrAbsolute);
            if (paylocation == "local")
            {
                String plfile = "LOADLOADLOAD";
                if(dtype == "flat")
                {
                    String finalpay = String.Format("Dim pLoad, fnames, droploc\npLoad =\"{0}\"\nfnames = \"{1}\"\ndroploc = \"{2}\"\n", plfile, fname, droploc);
                    vbsp = vbsp.Insert(0, finalpay);
                }
                else if (dtype == "nonflat")
                {
                    datavals = plfile;
                }
            }
            else
            {
                if (uricheck)
                {
                    try
                    {
                        WebClient webcl = new WebClient();
                        //May want to change this
                        webcl.Headers.Add("user-agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/7.0; rv:11.0) like Gecko");
                        byte[] filedata = webcl.DownloadData(paylocation);
                        string plfile = Convert.ToBase64String(filedata);
                        if (dtype == "flat")
                        {
                            String finalpay = String.Format("Dim pLoad, fnames, droploc\npLoad =\"{0}\"\nfnames = \"{1}\"\ndroploc = \"{2}\"\n", plfile, fname, droploc);
                            vbsp = vbsp.Insert(0, finalpay);
                        }
                        else if (dtype == "nonflat")
                        {
                            datavals = plfile;
                        }
                    }
                    catch (WebException)
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine("[X] URL doesnt exist");
                        return;
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    try
                    {
                        Byte[] plbytes = File.ReadAllBytes(paylocation);
                        String plfile = Convert.ToBase64String(plbytes);
                        if(dtype == "flat")
                        {
                            String finalpay = String.Format("Dim pLoad, fnames, droploc\npLoad =\"{0}\"\nfnames = \"{1}\"\ndroploc = \"{2}\"\n", plfile, fname, droploc);
                            vbsp = vbsp.Insert(0, finalpay);
                        }
                        else if (dtype == "nonflat")
                        {
                            datavals = plfile;
                        }
                    }
                    catch (IOException)
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine("[X] File doesnt exist");
                        return;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

public static void Build() {
            ResourceSet resourceSet = BloonSprites.ResourceManager.GetResourceSet(CultureInfo.CurrentUICulture, true, true);
            foreach (DictionaryEntry v in resourceSet) {
                if (v.Key is string id && v.Value is Byte[] bytes) {
                    built.Add(id, Convert.ToBase64String(bytes));
                }
            }
        }

public async Task<VerifyCodeModel> Create()
    {
        var code = _stringHelper.GenerateRandomNumber();

        var bytes = DrawVerifyCode(code);

        var id = Guid.NewGuid().ToString();

        await _cacheHandler.Set(_cacheKeys.VerifyCode(id), code, 5);

        return new VerifyCodeModel
        {
            Id = id,
            Base64 = "data:image/png;base64," + Convert.ToBase64String(bytes)
        };
    }

public static string ToBase64(this byte[] bytes)
    {
        if (bytes == null)
            return null;

        return Convert.ToBase64String(bytes);
    }

public static string Encrypt(string key, string data)
        {
            Encoding unicode = Encoding.Unicode;
            return Convert.ToBase64String(Encrypt(unicode.GetBytes(key), unicode.GetBytes(data)));
        }

public static string Base64Encode(string plainText)
        {
            try
            {
                byte[] plainTextBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(plainText);
                return Convert.ToBase64String(plainTextBytes);
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                SaveLog("Base64Encode", ex);
                return string.Empty;
            }
        }

static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            try
            {
                logo();
                // https://github.com/GhostPack/Rubeus/blob/master/Rubeus/Domain/ArgumentParser.cs#L10

                var arguments = new Dictionary<string, string>();
                foreach (var argument in args)
                {
                    var idx = argument.IndexOf(':');
                    if (idx > 0)
                        arguments[argument.Substring(0, idx)] = argument.Substring(idx + 1);
                    else
                        arguments[argument] = string.Empty;
                }

                WindowsIdenreplacedy idenreplacedy = WindowsIdenreplacedy.GetCurrent();
                WindowsPrincipal principal = new WindowsPrincipal(idenreplacedy);
                if (principal.IsInRole(WindowsBuiltInRole.Administrator))
                {
                    Console.WriteLine($"[+] Process running with {principal.Idenreplacedy.Name} privileges with HIGH integrity.");
                }
                else
                {
                    Console.WriteLine($"[+] Process running with {principal.Idenreplacedy.Name} privileges with MEDIUM / LOW integrity.");
                }

                if (arguments.Count == 0)
                {
                    PrintError("[-] No arguments specified. Please refer the help section for more details.");
                    help();
                }
                else if (arguments.ContainsKey("/help"))
                {
                    help();
                }
                else if (arguments.Count < 3)
                {
                    PrintError("[-] Some arguments are missing. Please refer the help section for more details.");
                    help();
                }
                else if (arguments.Count >= 3)
                {
                    string key = "SuperStrongKey";
                    string shellcode = null;
                    byte[] rawshellcode = new byte[] { };
                    if (arguments.ContainsKey("/path") && System.IO.File.Exists(arguments["/path"]))
                    {
                        if (arguments["/f"] == "raw")
                        {
                            rawshellcode = System.IO.File.ReadAllBytes(arguments["/path"]);
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            shellcode = System.IO.File.ReadAllText(arguments["/path"]);
                        }

                    }
                    else if (arguments.ContainsKey("/url"))
                    {
                        if (arguments["/f"] == "raw")
                        {
                            rawshellcode = GetRawShellcode(arguments["/url"]);
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            shellcode = GetShellcode(arguments["/url"]);
                        }
                    }

                    if (shellcode != null || rawshellcode.Length > 0)
                    {

                        byte[] buf = new byte[] { };

                        if (arguments.ContainsKey("/key"))
                        {
                            key = (arguments["/key"]);
                        }
                        PrintInfo($"[!] Shellcode will be encrypted using '{key}' key");
                        if (arguments["/enc"] == "xor")
                        {
                            byte[] xorshellcode = new byte[] { };
                            if (arguments["/f"] == "base64")
                            {
                                buf = Convert.FromBase64String(shellcode);
                                xorshellcode = XOR(buf, Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(key));
                                PrintSuccess("[+] Shellcode encrypted successfully.");
                                //Console.WriteLine(Convert.ToBase64String(xorshellcode));
                                if (arguments.ContainsKey("/o"))
                                {
                                    System.IO.File.WriteAllText(arguments["/o"], Convert.ToBase64String(xorshellcode));
                                    PrintSuccess($"[+] Output saved in '{arguments["/o"]}' file.");
                                }
                                else
                                {
                                    System.IO.File.WriteAllText("output.bin", Convert.ToBase64String(xorshellcode));
                                    PrintSuccess($"[+] Output saved in 'output.bin' file.");
                                }
                            }
                            else if (arguments["/f"] == "hex")
                            {
                                buf = StringToByteArray(shellcode);
                                xorshellcode = XOR(buf, Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(key));
                                PrintSuccess("[+] Shellcode encrypted successfully.");
                                //Console.WriteLine(ByteArrayToString(xorshellcode));
                                if (arguments.ContainsKey("/o"))
                                {
                                    System.IO.File.WriteAllText(arguments["/o"], ByteArrayToString(xorshellcode));
                                    PrintSuccess($"[+] Output saved in '{arguments["/o"]}' file.");
                                }
                                else
                                {
                                    System.IO.File.WriteAllText("output.bin", ByteArrayToString(xorshellcode));
                                    PrintSuccess($"[+] Output saved in 'output.bin' file.");
                                }
                            }
                            else if (arguments["/f"] == "c")
                            {
                                buf = convertfromc(shellcode);
                                xorshellcode = XOR(buf, Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(key));
                                StringBuilder newshellcode = new StringBuilder();
                                for (int i = 0; i < xorshellcode.Length; i++)
                                {
                                    newshellcode.Append("\\x");
                                    newshellcode.AppendFormat("{0:x2}", xorshellcode[i]);
                                }
                                PrintSuccess("[+] Shellcode encrypted successfully.");
                                //Console.WriteLine(newshellcode);
                                if (arguments.ContainsKey("/o"))
                                {
                                    System.IO.File.WriteAllText(arguments["/o"], newshellcode.ToString());
                                    PrintSuccess($"[+] Output saved in '{arguments["/o"]}' file.");
                                }
                                else
                                {
                                    System.IO.File.WriteAllText("output.bin", newshellcode.ToString());
                                    PrintSuccess($"[+] Output saved in 'output.bin' file.");
                                }
                            }
                            else if (arguments["/f"] == "raw")
                            {
                                xorshellcode = XOR(rawshellcode, Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(key));
                                PrintSuccess("[+] Shellcode encrypted successfully.");
                                if (arguments.ContainsKey("/o"))
                                {
                                    System.IO.File.WriteAllBytes(arguments["/o"], xorshellcode);
                                    PrintSuccess($"[+] Output saved in '{arguments["/o"]}' file.");
                                }
                                else
                                {
                                    System.IO.File.WriteAllBytes("output.bin", xorshellcode);
                                    PrintSuccess($"[+] Output saved in 'output.bin' file.");
                                }
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                PrintError("[-] Please specify correct shellcode format.");
                            }
                        }
                        else if (arguments["/enc"] == "aes")
                        {
                            byte[] preplacedwordBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(key);
                            preplacedwordBytes = SHA256.Create().ComputeHash(preplacedwordBytes);
                            byte[] bytesEncrypted = new byte[] { };
                            if (arguments["/f"] == "base64")
                            {
                                buf = Convert.FromBase64String(shellcode);
                                bytesEncrypted = AES_Encrypt(buf, preplacedwordBytes);
                                PrintSuccess("[+] Shellcode encrypted successfully.");
                                //Console.WriteLine(Convert.ToBase64String(bytesEncrypted));
                                if (arguments.ContainsKey("/o"))
                                {
                                    System.IO.File.WriteAllText(arguments["/o"], Convert.ToBase64String(bytesEncrypted));
                                    PrintSuccess($"[+] Output saved in '{arguments["/o"]}' file.");
                                }
                                else
                                {
                                    System.IO.File.WriteAllText("output.bin", Convert.ToBase64String(bytesEncrypted));
                                    PrintSuccess($"[+] Output saved in 'output.bin' file.");
                                }
                            }
                            else if (arguments["/f"] == "hex")
                            {
                                buf = StringToByteArray(shellcode);
                                bytesEncrypted = AES_Encrypt(buf, preplacedwordBytes);
                                PrintSuccess("[+] Shellcode encrypted successfully.");
                                //Console.WriteLine(ByteArrayToString(bytesEncrypted));
                                if (arguments.ContainsKey("/o"))
                                {
                                    System.IO.File.WriteAllText(arguments["/o"], ByteArrayToString(bytesEncrypted));
                                    PrintSuccess($"[+] Output saved in '{arguments["/o"]}' file.");
                                }
                                else
                                {
                                    System.IO.File.WriteAllText("output.bin", ByteArrayToString(bytesEncrypted));
                                    PrintSuccess($"[+] Output saved in 'output.bin' file.");
                                }
                            }
                            else if (arguments["/f"] == "c")
                            {
                                buf = convertfromc(shellcode);
                                bytesEncrypted = AES_Encrypt(buf, preplacedwordBytes);
                                StringBuilder newshellcode = new StringBuilder();
                                for (int i = 0; i < bytesEncrypted.Length; i++)
                                {
                                    newshellcode.Append("\\x");
                                    newshellcode.AppendFormat("{0:x2}", bytesEncrypted[i]);
                                }
                                PrintSuccess("[+] Shellcode encrypted successfully.");
                                //Console.WriteLine(newshellcode);
                                if (arguments.ContainsKey("/o"))
                                {
                                    System.IO.File.WriteAllText(arguments["/o"], newshellcode.ToString());
                                    PrintSuccess($"[+] Output saved in '{arguments["/o"]}' file.");
                                }
                                else
                                {
                                    System.IO.File.WriteAllText("output.bin", newshellcode.ToString());
                                    PrintSuccess($"[+] Output saved in 'output.bin' file.");
                                }
                            }
                            else if (arguments["/f"] == "raw")
                            {
                                bytesEncrypted = AES_Encrypt(rawshellcode, preplacedwordBytes);
                                if (arguments.ContainsKey("/o"))
                                {
                                    System.IO.File.WriteAllBytes(arguments["/o"], bytesEncrypted);
                                    PrintSuccess($"[+] Output saved in '{arguments["/o"]}' file.");
                                }
                                else
                                {
                                    System.IO.File.WriteAllBytes("output.bin", bytesEncrypted);
                                    PrintSuccess($"[+] Output saved in 'output.bin' file.");
                                }
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                PrintError("[-] Please specify correct shellcode format.");
                            }
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            PrintError("[-] Please specify correct encryption type.");
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        PrintError("[-] Please check the specified file path or the URL.");
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    PrintError("[-] File doesn't exists. Please check the specified file path.");
                }
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                PrintError(ex.Message);
            }
        }

protected string GetSignature(string signatureBaseString)
        {
            byte[] key = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(string.Concat(Uri.EscapeDataString(ConsumerSecret), "&", Uri.EscapeDataString(AccessTokenSecret)));

            string signature;
            using (HMACSHA1 hasher = new HMACSHA1(key))
            {
                signature = Convert.ToBase64String(hasher.ComputeHash(Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(signatureBaseString)));
            }

            return signature;
        }

private string CRC(string consumerSecret, string crcToken)
        {
            byte[] consumerSecretBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(consumerSecret);
            byte[] crcTokenBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(crcToken);

            HMACSHA256 hmacSHA256Alog = new HMACSHA256(consumerSecretBytes);

            byte[] computedHash = hmacSHA256Alog.ComputeHash(crcTokenBytes);

            return "{\n" +
                $"\"response_token\":\"sha256={Convert.ToBase64String(computedHash)}\"" +
                "\n}";
        }

private bool VerifySignature(string signature, byte[] body)
        {
            using (var crypto = new HMACSHA256(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(ConsumerSecret)))
            {
                var hash = Convert.ToBase64String(crypto.ComputeHash(body));
                return hash == signature.Replace("sha256=", "");
            }
        }

public static string GetLyricsHash(this IBeatmapLevel level)
        {
            string id = string.Join(", ", level.songName, level.songAuthorName, level.songSubName, level.beatsPerMinute, level.songDuration, level.songTimeOffset);

            return Convert.ToBase64String(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(id));
        }

public string SaveToBase64()
		{
			using (var stream = new System.IO.MemoryStream())
			{
				SaveToStream(stream);
				stream.Position = 0;
				return System.Convert.ToBase64String(stream.ToArray());
			}
		}

public string RSAEncrypt(string xmlPublicKey, string m_strEncryptString)
        {

            byte[] PlainTextBArray;
            byte[] CypherTextBArray;
            string Result;
            RSACryptoServiceProvider rsa = new RSACryptoServiceProvider();
            rsa.FromXmlString(xmlPublicKey);
            PlainTextBArray = (new UnicodeEncoding()).GetBytes(m_strEncryptString);
            CypherTextBArray = rsa.Encrypt(PlainTextBArray, false);
            Result = Convert.ToBase64String(CypherTextBArray);
            return Result;

        }

public string RSAEncrypt(string xmlPublicKey, byte[] EncryptString)
        {

            byte[] CypherTextBArray;
            string Result;
            RSACryptoServiceProvider rsa = new RSACryptoServiceProvider();
            rsa.FromXmlString(xmlPublicKey);
            CypherTextBArray = rsa.Encrypt(EncryptString, false);
            Result = Convert.ToBase64String(CypherTextBArray);
            return Result;

        }

public bool GetHash(string m_strSource, ref string strHashData)
        {

            //从字符串中取得Hash描述   
            byte[] Buffer;
            byte[] HashData;
            HashAlgorithm MD5 = HashAlgorithm.Create("MD5");
            Buffer = Encoding.GetEncoding("GB2312").GetBytes(m_strSource);
            HashData = MD5.ComputeHash(Buffer);

            strHashData = Convert.ToBase64String(HashData);
            return true;

        }

public bool GetHash(FileStream objFile, ref string strHashData)
        {

            //从文件中取得Hash描述   
            byte[] HashData;
            HashAlgorithm MD5 = HashAlgorithm.Create("MD5");
            HashData = MD5.ComputeHash(objFile);
            objFile.Close();

            strHashData = Convert.ToBase64String(HashData);

            return true;

        }

public bool SignatureFormatter(string p_strKeyPrivate, byte[] HashbyteSignature, ref string m_strEncryptedSignatureData)
        {

            byte[] EncryptedSignatureData;

            RSACryptoServiceProvider RSA = new RSACryptoServiceProvider();

            RSA.FromXmlString(p_strKeyPrivate);
            RSAPKCS1SignatureFormatter RSAFormatter = new RSAPKCS1SignatureFormatter(RSA);
            //设置签名的算法为MD5   
            RSAFormatter.SetHashAlgorithm("MD5");
            //执行签名   
            EncryptedSignatureData = RSAFormatter.CreateSignature(HashbyteSignature);

            m_strEncryptedSignatureData = Convert.ToBase64String(EncryptedSignatureData);

            return true;

        }

public bool SignatureFormatter(string p_strKeyPrivate, string m_strHashbyteSignature, ref string m_strEncryptedSignatureData)
        {

            byte[] HashbyteSignature;
            byte[] EncryptedSignatureData;

            HashbyteSignature = Convert.FromBase64String(m_strHashbyteSignature);
            RSACryptoServiceProvider RSA = new RSACryptoServiceProvider();

            RSA.FromXmlString(p_strKeyPrivate);
            RSAPKCS1SignatureFormatter RSAFormatter = new RSAPKCS1SignatureFormatter(RSA);
            //设置签名的算法为MD5   
            RSAFormatter.SetHashAlgorithm("MD5");
            //执行签名   
            EncryptedSignatureData = RSAFormatter.CreateSignature(HashbyteSignature);

            m_strEncryptedSignatureData = Convert.ToBase64String(EncryptedSignatureData);

            return true;

        }

public static string EncodeBase64(Encoding encode, string source)
        {
            byte[] bytes = encode.GetBytes(source);
            try
            {
                source = Convert.ToBase64String(bytes);
            }
            catch
            {
               
            }
            return source;
        }

public static string EncodeFileName(string text, string salt = "")
		{
			var textBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(text);
			var res = Convert.ToBase64String(textBytes);
			return res.ToLower();
		}

public static byte[] GenerateIV(string preplaced)
		{
			var textBytes = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(preplaced+"_umldata");
			var res = Convert.ToBase64String(textBytes);

			return Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(res.Substring(0,8));
		}

public static string GenerateRandomPW(int length = 16)
		{
			byte[] b = new byte[length];
			RandomNumberGenerator rg = RandomNumberGenerator.Create();
			rg.GetBytes(b);
			return Convert.ToBase64String(b);
		}

private string DoMethod(NameValueCollection jParams)
	    {
		    const int RequestTimeoutMilliseconds = 2*1000; // 2 sec 

		    string tempResult = "";

		    try
		    {
			    lock (m_tonceLock)
			    {
				    //get tonce
				    TimeSpan timeSpan = DateTime.UtcNow - genesis;
				    long milliSeconds = Convert.ToInt64(timeSpan.TotalMilliseconds*1000);
				    jParams[pTonce] = Convert.ToString(milliSeconds, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
				    //mock json request id
				    jParams[pId] = jsonRequestID.Next().ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
				    //build http head
				    string paramsHash = GetHMACSHA1Hash(jParams);
				    string base64String = Convert.ToBase64String(Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(accessKey + ':' + paramsHash));
				    string postData = "{\"method\": \"" + jParams[pMethod] + "\", \"params\": [" + jParams[pParams] + "], \"id\": " +
				                      jParams[pId] + "}";

				    //get webrequest,respawn new object per call for multiple connections
				    var webRequest = (HttpWebRequest) WebRequest.Create(url);
				    webRequest.Timeout = RequestTimeoutMilliseconds;

				    var bytes = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(postData);

				    webRequest.Method = jParams[pRequestMethod];
				    webRequest.ContentType = "application/json-rpc";
				    webRequest.ContentLength = bytes.Length;
				    webRequest.Headers["Authorization"] = "Basic " + base64String;
				    webRequest.Headers["Json-Rpc-Tonce"] = jParams[pTonce];

				    // Send the json authentication post request
				    using (var dataStream = webRequest.GetRequestStream())
				    {
					    dataStream.Write(bytes, 0, bytes.Length);
				    }

				    // Get authentication response
				    using (var response = webRequest.GetResponse())
				    {
					    using (var stream = response.GetResponseStream())
					    {
// ReSharper disable once replacedignNullToNotNullAttribute
						    using (var reader = new StreamReader(stream))
						    {
							    tempResult = reader.ReadToEnd();
						    }
					    }
				    }
			    }
		    }
		    catch (WebException ex)
		    {
			    throw new BTCChinaException(jParams[pMethod], jParams[pId], ex.Message, ex);
		    }

		    //there are two kinds of API response, result or error.
		    if (tempResult.IndexOf("result", StringComparison.Ordinal) < 0)
		    {
			    throw new BTCChinaException(jParams[pMethod], jParams[pId], "API error:\n" + tempResult);
		    }

		    //compare response id with request id and remove it from result
		    try
		    {
			    int cutoff = tempResult.LastIndexOf(':') + 2;//"id":"1"} so (last index of ':')+2=length of cutoff=start of id-string
			    string idString = tempResult.Substring(cutoff, tempResult.Length - cutoff - 2);//2=last "}
			    if (idString != jParams[pId])
			    {
				    throw new BTCChinaException(jParams[pMethod], jParams[pId], "JSON-request id is not equal with JSON-response id.");
			    }
			    else
			    {
				    //remove json request id from response json string
				    int fromComma = tempResult.LastIndexOf(',');
				    int toLastBrace = tempResult.Length - 1;
				    tempResult = tempResult.Remove(fromComma, toLastBrace - fromComma);
			    }
		    }
		    catch (ArgumentOutOfRangeException ex)
		    {
			    throw new BTCChinaException(jParams[pMethod], jParams[pId], "Argument out of range in parsing JSON response id:" + ex.Message, ex);
		    }

		    return tempResult;
	    }

public static List<string> BuildBase64PayloadMacros(byte[] shellcode)
        {
            List<string> base64Strings = new List<string>(); 
            //Base64 expansion is 4/3, and we have 252 bytes to spend, so we can have 189 bytes / cell
            //As an added bonus, 189 is always divisible by 3, so we won't have == padding.
            int maxBytesPerCell = 189;
            for (int offset = 0; offset < shellcode.Length; offset += maxBytesPerCell)
            {
                byte[] guidShellcode;
                if (shellcode.Length - offset < maxBytesPerCell)
                {
                    guidShellcode = shellcode.Skip(offset).ToArray();
                }
                else
                {
                    guidShellcode = shellcode.Skip(offset).Take(maxBytesPerCell).ToArray();
                }
                base64Strings.Add(Convert.ToBase64String(guidShellcode));
            }
            base64Strings.Add("END");
            return base64Strings;
        }

private string GetRestResponse(BitfinexPostBase obj)
		{
			HttpRequestMessage request;
			{
				var jsonObj = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(obj);
				var payload = Convert.ToBase64String(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(jsonObj));
				request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, obj.Request);
				request.Headers.Add(ApiBfxKey, ApiKey);
				request.Headers.Add(ApiBfxPayload, payload);
				request.Headers.Add(ApiBfxSig, GetHexHashSignature(payload));
			}

			var responseMessage = WebApi.Client.SendAsync(request).Result;
			var response = responseMessage.Content.ReadreplacedtringAsync().Result;

			CheckResultCode(responseMessage.StatusCode, response);

			return response;
		}

public static string GetCheckSum(string data)
        {
            var sha = SHA512.Create();
            return Convert.ToBase64String(sha.ComputeHash(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(data)));
        }

public string ToBase64(string source)
        {
            var sourceByte = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(source);
            return Convert.ToBase64String(sourceByte);
        }

public string Encrypt(string message)
        {
            return Convert.ToBase64String(Encrypt(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(message)));
        }

public string SymmetricEncrypt(string message)
        {
            return Convert.ToBase64String(SymmetricEncrypt(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(message), SymmetricKey));
        }

public static string Zip(string str)
        {
            return Convert.ToBase64String(ZipByte(str));
        }

private static void RegisterDefaultConverters()
		{
			//TODO: there is too much generic type combinations! need to refactor this ...

			RegisterUnsafe<bool, Slice>((value) => Slice.FromByte(value ? (byte)1 : default(byte)));
			RegisterUnsafe<bool, byte[]>((value) => Slice.FromByte(value ? (byte)1 : default(byte)).GetBytes());
			RegisterUnsafe<bool, string>((value) => value ? "true" : "false");
			RegisterUnsafe<bool, sbyte>((value) => value ? (sbyte)1 : default(sbyte));
			RegisterUnsafe<bool, byte>((value) => value ? (byte)1 : default(byte));
			RegisterUnsafe<bool, short>((value) => value ? (short)1 : default(short));
			RegisterUnsafe<bool, ushort>((value) => value ? (ushort)1 : default(ushort));
			RegisterUnsafe<bool, int>((value) => value ? 1 : default(int));
			RegisterUnsafe<bool, uint>((value) => value ? 1U : default(uint));
			RegisterUnsafe<bool, long>((value) => value ? 1L : default(long));
			RegisterUnsafe<bool, ulong>((value) => value ? 1UL : default(ulong));
			RegisterUnsafe<bool, double>((value) => value ? 0.0d : 1.0d);
			RegisterUnsafe<bool, float>((value) => value ? 0.0f : 1.0f);

			RegisterUnsafe<int, Slice>((value) => Slice.FromInt32(value));
			RegisterUnsafe<int, byte[]>((value) => Slice.FromInt32(value).GetBytes());
			RegisterUnsafe<int, string>((value) => value.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)); //TODO: string table!
			RegisterUnsafe<int, bool>((value) => value != 0);
			RegisterUnsafe<int, sbyte>((value) => checked((sbyte)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<int, byte>((value) => checked((byte)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<int, short>((value) => checked((short)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<int, ushort>((value) => checked((ushort)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<int, uint>((value) => (uint)value);
			RegisterUnsafe<int, long>((value) => value);
			RegisterUnsafe<int, ulong>((value) => (ulong)value);
			RegisterUnsafe<int, double>((value) => value);
			RegisterUnsafe<int, float>((value) => checked((float)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<int, FdbTupleAlias>((value) => (FdbTupleAlias)value);

			RegisterUnsafe<uint, Slice>((value) => Slice.FromUInt64(value));
			RegisterUnsafe<uint, byte[]>((value) => Slice.FromUInt64(value).GetBytes());
			RegisterUnsafe<uint, string>((value) => value.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)); //TODO: string table!
			RegisterUnsafe<uint, bool>((value) => value != 0);
			RegisterUnsafe<uint, sbyte>((value) => checked((sbyte)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<uint, byte>((value) => checked((byte)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<uint, short>((value) => checked((short)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<uint, ushort>((value) => checked((ushort)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<uint, int>((value) => (int)value);
			RegisterUnsafe<uint, long>((value) => value);
			RegisterUnsafe<uint, ulong>((value) => value);
			RegisterUnsafe<uint, double>((value) => value);
			RegisterUnsafe<uint, float>((value) => checked((float)value));

			RegisterUnsafe<long, Slice>((value) => Slice.FromInt64(value));
			RegisterUnsafe<long, byte[]>((value) => Slice.FromInt64(value).GetBytes());
			RegisterUnsafe<long, string>((value) => value.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)); //TODO: string table!
			RegisterUnsafe<long, bool>((value) => value != 0);
			RegisterUnsafe<long, sbyte>((value) => checked((sbyte)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<long, byte>((value) => checked((byte)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<long, short>((value) => checked((short)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<long, ushort>((value) => checked((ushort)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<long, int>((value) => checked((int)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<long, uint>((value) => (uint)value);
			RegisterUnsafe<long, ulong>((value) => (ulong)value);
			RegisterUnsafe<long, double>((value) => checked((double)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<long, float>((value) => checked((float)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<long, TimeSpan>((value) => TimeSpan.FromTicks(value));
			RegisterUnsafe<long, Uuid64>((value) => new Uuid64(value));
			RegisterUnsafe<long, System.Net.IPAddress>((value) => new System.Net.IPAddress(value));

			RegisterUnsafe<ulong, Slice>((value) => Slice.FromUInt64(value));
			RegisterUnsafe<ulong, byte[]>((value) => Slice.FromUInt64(value).GetBytes());
			RegisterUnsafe<ulong, string>((value) => value.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)); //TODO: string table!
			RegisterUnsafe<ulong, bool>((value) => value != 0);
			RegisterUnsafe<ulong, sbyte>((value) => checked((sbyte)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<ulong, byte>((value) => checked((byte)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<ulong, short>((value) => checked((short)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<ulong, ushort>((value) => checked((ushort)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<ulong, int>((value) => checked((int)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<ulong, uint>((value) => checked((uint)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<ulong, long>((value) => checked((long)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<ulong, double>((value) => checked((double)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<ulong, float>((value) => checked((float)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<ulong, Uuid64>((value) => new Uuid64(value));
			RegisterUnsafe<ulong, TimeSpan>((value) => TimeSpan.FromTicks(checked((long)value)));

			RegisterUnsafe<short, Slice>((value) => Slice.FromInt32(value));
			RegisterUnsafe<short, byte[]>((value) => Slice.FromInt32(value).GetBytes());
			RegisterUnsafe<short, string>((value) => value.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)); //TODO: string table!
			RegisterUnsafe<short, bool>((value) => value != 0);
			RegisterUnsafe<short, sbyte>((value) => checked((sbyte)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<short, byte>((value) => checked((byte)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<short, ushort>((value) => checked((ushort)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<short, int>((value) => value);
			RegisterUnsafe<short, uint>((value) => checked((uint)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<short, long>((value) => value);
			RegisterUnsafe<short, ulong>((value) => checked((ulong)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<short, double>((value) => value);
			RegisterUnsafe<short, float>((value) => value);
			RegisterUnsafe<short, FdbTupleAlias>((value) => (FdbTupleAlias)value);

			RegisterUnsafe<ushort, Slice>((value) => Slice.FromUInt64(value));
			RegisterUnsafe<ushort, byte[]>((value) => Slice.FromUInt64(value).GetBytes());
			RegisterUnsafe<ushort, string>((value) => value.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)); //TODO: string table!
			RegisterUnsafe<ushort, bool>((value) => value != 0);
			RegisterUnsafe<ushort, byte>((value) => checked((byte)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<ushort, sbyte>((value) => checked((sbyte)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<ushort, short>((value) => checked((short)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<ushort, int>((value) => value);
			RegisterUnsafe<ushort, uint>((value) => value);
			RegisterUnsafe<ushort, long>((value) => value);
			RegisterUnsafe<ushort, ulong>((value) => value);
			RegisterUnsafe<ushort, double>((value) => value);
			RegisterUnsafe<ushort, float>((value) => value);

			RegisterUnsafe<byte, Slice>((value) => Slice.FromInt32(value));
			RegisterUnsafe<byte, byte[]>((value) => Slice.FromInt32(value).GetBytes());
			RegisterUnsafe<byte, string>((value) => value.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)); //TODO: string table!
			RegisterUnsafe<byte, bool>((value) => value != 0);
			RegisterUnsafe<byte, sbyte>((value) => checked((sbyte)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<byte, short>((value) => value);
			RegisterUnsafe<byte, ushort>((value) => value);
			RegisterUnsafe<byte, int>((value) => value);
			RegisterUnsafe<byte, uint>((value) => value);
			RegisterUnsafe<byte, long>((value) => value);
			RegisterUnsafe<byte, ulong>((value) => value);
			RegisterUnsafe<byte, double>((value) => value);
			RegisterUnsafe<byte, float>((value) => value);
			RegisterUnsafe<byte, FdbTupleAlias>((value) => (FdbTupleAlias)value);

			RegisterUnsafe<sbyte, Slice>((value) => Slice.FromInt64(value));
			RegisterUnsafe<sbyte, byte[]>((value) => Slice.FromInt64(value).GetBytes());
			RegisterUnsafe<sbyte, string>((value) => value.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)); //TODO: string table!
			RegisterUnsafe<sbyte, bool>((value) => value != 0);
			RegisterUnsafe<sbyte, byte>((value) => checked((byte)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<sbyte, short>((value) => value);
			RegisterUnsafe<sbyte, ushort>((value) => checked((ushort)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<sbyte, int>((value) => value);
			RegisterUnsafe<sbyte, uint>((value) => checked((uint)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<sbyte, long>((value) => value);
			RegisterUnsafe<sbyte, ulong>((value) => checked((ulong)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<sbyte, double>((value) => value);
			RegisterUnsafe<sbyte, float>((value) => value);

			RegisterUnsafe<float, Slice>((value) => Slice.FromSingle(value));
			RegisterUnsafe<float, byte[]>((value) => Slice.FromSingle(value).GetBytes());
			RegisterUnsafe<float, string>((value) => value.ToString("R", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
			RegisterUnsafe<float, bool>((value) => !(value == 0f || float.IsNaN(value)));
			RegisterUnsafe<float, sbyte>((value) => checked((sbyte)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<float, byte>((value) => checked((byte)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<float, short>((value) => checked((short)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<float, ushort>((value) => checked((ushort)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<float, int>((value) => checked((int)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<float, uint>((value) => (uint)value);
			RegisterUnsafe<float, long>((value) => checked((long)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<float, ulong>((value) => (ulong)value);
			RegisterUnsafe<float, double>((value) => value);

			RegisterUnsafe<double, Slice>((value) => Slice.FromDouble(value));
			RegisterUnsafe<double, byte[]>((value) => Slice.FromDouble(value).GetBytes());
			RegisterUnsafe<double, string>((value) => value.ToString("R", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
			RegisterUnsafe<double, bool>((value) => !(value == 0d || double.IsNaN(value)));
			RegisterUnsafe<double, sbyte>((value) => checked((sbyte)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<double, byte>((value) => checked((byte)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<double, short>((value) => checked((short)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<double, ushort>((value) => checked((ushort)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<double, int>((value) => checked((int)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<double, uint>((value) => (uint)value);
			RegisterUnsafe<double, long>((value) => checked((long)value));
			RegisterUnsafe<double, ulong>((value) => (ulong)value);
			RegisterUnsafe<double, float>((value) => checked((float)value));

			RegisterUnsafe<string, Slice>((value) => Slice.FromString(value));
			RegisterUnsafe<string, byte[]>((value) => Slice.FromString(value).GetBytes());
			RegisterUnsafe<string, bool>((value) => !string.IsNullOrEmpty(value));
			RegisterUnsafe<string, sbyte>((value) => string.IsNullOrEmpty(value) ? default(sbyte) : SByte.Parse(value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
			RegisterUnsafe<string, byte>((value) => string.IsNullOrEmpty(value) ? default(byte) : Byte.Parse(value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
			RegisterUnsafe<string, short>((value) => string.IsNullOrEmpty(value) ? default(short) : Int16.Parse(value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
			RegisterUnsafe<string, ushort>((value) => string.IsNullOrEmpty(value) ? default(ushort) : UInt16.Parse(value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
			RegisterUnsafe<string, int>((value) => string.IsNullOrEmpty(value) ? default(int) : Int32.Parse(value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
			RegisterUnsafe<string, uint>((value) => string.IsNullOrEmpty(value) ? default(uint) : UInt32.Parse(value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
			RegisterUnsafe<string, long>((value) => string.IsNullOrEmpty(value) ? default(long) : Int64.Parse(value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
			RegisterUnsafe<string, ulong>((value) => string.IsNullOrEmpty(value) ? default(ulong) : UInt64.Parse(value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
			RegisterUnsafe<string, float>((value) => string.IsNullOrEmpty(value) ? default(float) : Single.Parse(value, NumberStyles.Float, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
			RegisterUnsafe<string, double>((value) => string.IsNullOrEmpty(value) ? default(double) : Double.Parse(value, NumberStyles.Float, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
			RegisterUnsafe<string, Guid>((value) => string.IsNullOrEmpty(value) ? default(Guid) : Guid.Parse(value));
			RegisterUnsafe<string, Uuid128>((value) => string.IsNullOrEmpty(value) ? default(Uuid128) : Uuid128.Parse(value));
			RegisterUnsafe<string, Uuid64>((value) => string.IsNullOrEmpty(value) ? default(Uuid64) : Uuid64.Parse(value));
			RegisterUnsafe<string, System.Net.IPAddress>((value) => string.IsNullOrEmpty(value) ? default(System.Net.IPAddress) : System.Net.IPAddress.Parse(value));

			RegisterUnsafe<byte[], Slice>((value) => Slice.Create(value));
			RegisterUnsafe<byte[], string>((value) => value == null ? default(string) : value.Length == 0 ? String.Empty : System.Convert.ToBase64String(value));
			RegisterUnsafe<byte[], bool>((value) => value != null && value.Length > 0);
			RegisterUnsafe<byte[], sbyte>((value) => value == null ? default(sbyte) : Slice.Create(value).ToSByte());
			RegisterUnsafe<byte[], byte>((value) => value == null ? default(byte) : Slice.Create(value).ToByte());
			RegisterUnsafe<byte[], short>((value) => value == null ? default(short) : Slice.Create(value).ToInt16());
			RegisterUnsafe<byte[], ushort>((value) => value == null ? default(ushort) : Slice.Create(value).ToUInt16());
			RegisterUnsafe<byte[], int>((value) => value == null ? 0 : Slice.Create(value).ToInt32());
			RegisterUnsafe<byte[], uint>((value) => value == null ? 0U : Slice.Create(value).ToUInt32());
			RegisterUnsafe<byte[], long>((value) => value == null ? 0L : Slice.Create(value).ToInt64());
			RegisterUnsafe<byte[], ulong>((value) => value == null ? 0UL : Slice.Create(value).ToUInt64());
			RegisterUnsafe<byte[], Guid>((value) => value == null || value.Length == 0 ? default(Guid) : new Uuid128(value).ToGuid());
			RegisterUnsafe<byte[], Uuid128>((value) => value == null || value.Length == 0 ? default(Uuid128) : new Uuid128(value));
			RegisterUnsafe<byte[], Uuid64>((value) => value == null || value.Length == 0 ? default(Uuid64) : new Uuid64(value));
			RegisterUnsafe<byte[], TimeSpan>((value) => value == null ? TimeSpan.Zero : TimeSpan.FromTicks(Slice.Create(value).ToInt64()));
			RegisterUnsafe<byte[], System.Net.IPAddress>((value) => value == null || value.Length == 0 ? default(System.Net.IPAddress) : new System.Net.IPAddress(value));

			RegisterUnsafe<Guid, Slice>((value) => Slice.FromGuid(value));
			RegisterUnsafe<Guid, byte[]>((value) => Slice.FromGuid(value).GetBytes());
			RegisterUnsafe<Guid, string>((value) => value.ToString("D", null));
			RegisterUnsafe<Guid, Uuid128>((value) => new Uuid128(value));
			RegisterUnsafe<Guid, bool>((value) => value != Guid.Empty);
			RegisterUnsafe<Guid, System.Net.IPAddress>((value) => new System.Net.IPAddress(new Uuid128(value).ToByteArray()));

			RegisterUnsafe<Uuid128, Slice>((value) => value.ToSlice());
			RegisterUnsafe<Uuid128, byte[]>((value) => value.ToByteArray());
			RegisterUnsafe<Uuid128, string>((value) => value.ToString("D", null));
			RegisterUnsafe<Uuid128, Guid>((value) => value.ToGuid());
			RegisterUnsafe<Uuid128, bool>((value) => value != Uuid128.Empty);
			RegisterUnsafe<Guid, System.Net.IPAddress>((value) => new System.Net.IPAddress(value.ToByteArray()));

			RegisterUnsafe<Uuid64, Slice>((value) => value.ToSlice());
			RegisterUnsafe<Uuid64, byte[]>((value) => value.ToByteArray());
			RegisterUnsafe<Uuid64, string>((value) => value.ToString("D", null));
			RegisterUnsafe<Uuid64, long>((value) => value.ToInt64());
			RegisterUnsafe<Uuid64, ulong>((value) => value.ToUInt64());
			RegisterUnsafe<Uuid64, bool>((value) => value.ToInt64() != 0L);

			RegisterUnsafe<TimeSpan, Slice>((value) => Slice.FromInt64(value.Ticks));
			RegisterUnsafe<TimeSpan, byte[]>((value) => Slice.FromInt64(value.Ticks).GetBytes());
			RegisterUnsafe<TimeSpan, long>((value) => value.Ticks);
			RegisterUnsafe<TimeSpan, ulong>((value) => checked((ulong)value.Ticks));
			RegisterUnsafe<TimeSpan, double>((value) => value.TotalSeconds);
			RegisterUnsafe<TimeSpan, bool>((value) => value == TimeSpan.Zero);

			RegisterUnsafe<System.Net.IPAddress, Slice>((value) => value != null ? Slice.Create(value.GetAddressBytes()) : Slice.Nil);
			RegisterUnsafe<System.Net.IPAddress, byte[]>((value) => value != null ? value.GetAddressBytes() : null);
			RegisterUnsafe<System.Net.IPAddress, string>((value) => value != null ? value.ToString() : null);

			RegisterUnsafe<FdbTupleAlias, byte>((value) => (byte)value);
			RegisterUnsafe<FdbTupleAlias, int>((value) => (int)value);
			RegisterUnsafe<FdbTupleAlias, Slice>((value) => Slice.FromByte((byte)value));

			//REVIEW: this should go in the Tuples layer !
			RegisterUnsafe<Slice, byte[]>((value) => value.GetBytes());
			RegisterUnsafe<Slice, string>((value) => value.ToUnicode());
			RegisterUnsafe<Slice, bool>((value) => value.ToBool());
			RegisterUnsafe<Slice, sbyte>((value) => value.ToSByte());
			RegisterUnsafe<Slice, byte>((value) => value.ToByte());
			RegisterUnsafe<Slice, short>((value) => value.ToInt16());
			RegisterUnsafe<Slice, ushort>((value) => value.ToUInt16());
			RegisterUnsafe<Slice, int>((value) => value.ToInt32());
			RegisterUnsafe<Slice, uint>((value) => value.ToUInt32());
			RegisterUnsafe<Slice, long>((value) => value.ToInt64());
			RegisterUnsafe<Slice, ulong>((value) => value.ToUInt64());
			RegisterUnsafe<Slice, Guid>((value) => value.ToGuid());
			RegisterUnsafe<Slice, Uuid128>((value) => value.ToUuid128());
			RegisterUnsafe<Slice, Uuid64>((value) => value.ToUuid64());
			RegisterUnsafe<Slice, TimeSpan>((value) => TimeSpan.FromTicks(value.ToInt64()));
			RegisterUnsafe<Slice, FdbTupleAlias>((value) => (FdbTupleAlias)value.ToByte());
			RegisterUnsafe<Slice, System.Net.IPAddress>((value) => !value.IsNullOrEmpty ? new System.Net.IPAddress(value.GetBytes()) : null);
		}

public static string EncodeTo64(this string toEncode)
        {
            byte[] toEncodeAsBytes = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(toEncode);
            return Convert.ToBase64String(toEncodeAsBytes);
        }

public static string GetBasicAuthentication(string username, string preplacedword)
        {
            return $"Basic {Convert.ToBase64String(Encoding.GetEncoding("ISO-8859-1").GetBytes($"{username}:{preplacedword}"))}";
        }

static string FormatGuid(GuidFormat format, Guid guid)
        {
            switch (format)
            {
                case GuidFormat.N:
                    return guid.ToString("N");
                case GuidFormat.B:
                    return guid.ToString("B");
                case GuidFormat.P:
                    return guid.ToString("P");
                case GuidFormat.X:
                    return guid.ToString("X");
                case GuidFormat.Base64:
                    return Convert.ToBase64String(guid.ToByteArray());
                case GuidFormat.Short:
                    return Convert.ToBase64String(guid.ToByteArray())
                        .Replace("/", "_")
                        .Replace("+", "-")
                        .Substring(0, 22);
                case GuidFormat.D:
                default:
                    return guid.ToString("D");
            }
        }

private string GetAuthHeader(string username)
        {
            // Get salt
            RNGCryptoServiceProvider rng = new RNGCryptoServiceProvider();
            byte[] four_bytes = new byte[4];
            rng.GetBytes(four_bytes);
            var salt = BitConverter.ToUInt32(four_bytes, 0).ToString();
            // Get timestamp
            string timestamp = DateTime.UtcNow.ToString("o");
            // create signature
            string rawSig = (username ?? "") + timestamp + salt;
            var encoding = new System.Text.UTF8Encoding();
            byte[] keyByte = encoding.GetBytes(secretKey);
            byte[] messageBytes = encoding.GetBytes(rawSig);
            string signature;
            // hash and base64 encode 
            using (var sha256 = new HMACSHA256(keyByte))
            {
                byte[] hashMessage = sha256.ComputeHash(messageBytes);
                signature = Convert.ToBase64String(hashMessage);
            }
            // build auth header
            return timestamp + "," + salt + "," + signature;
        }

public static string Base64UrlEncodeNoPadding(byte[] buffer)
        {
            string base64 = Convert.ToBase64String(buffer);

            // Converts base64 to base64url.
            base64 = base64.Replace("+", "-");
            base64 = base64.Replace("/", "_");
            // Strips padding.
            base64 = base64.Replace("=", "");

            return base64;
        }

public static string Encode(string str)
        {
            return Convert.ToBase64String(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(str)).Replace('+', '-').Replace('/', '_');
        }

public async Task<Doreplacedent> Protect(Doreplacedent value, ProtectionKey key, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
        {
            try
            {
                byte[] bs;
                await using (var ms = new MemoryStream())
                {
                    await JsonSerializer.SerializeAsync(ms, value, cancellationToken: cancellationToken);
                    bs = ms.ToArray();
                }

                // var ky = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(key.Preplacedword); AesEncrypt(bs, ky)
                return new Doreplacedent { Tag = _protectFlag, Raw = Convert.ToBase64String(bs) };
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                throw new ProtectionException("Protect failed.", ex);
            }
        }

public static string GetGravatarUrl(string email, uint size = 128, string @default = "mp")
        {
            static string ComputeHash(string input)
            {
                /*MD5CryptoServiceProvider MD5 = new MD5CryptoServiceProvider();
                byte[] inputArray = System.Text.Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(input);
                byte[] hashedArray = MD5.ComputeHash(inputArray);
                MD5.Clear();
                return BitConverter.ToString(hashedArray).Replace("-", "");*/
                return Convert.ToBase64String(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(input));
            }

            email = email.Trim().ToLower();
            string src = $"https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/{ComputeHash(email).ToLower()}?size={size}&d={@default}";
            return src;
        }

public static string EncryptByRsa(this string text, string publicKeyXml = null)
        {
            if (RsaPublicKey == null) return text;
            Rsa.FromXmlString(publicKeyXml ?? RsaPublicKey);
            return Convert.ToBase64String(Rsa.Encrypt(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(text), false));
        }

private static string GetPreplacedwordHash(Account account, string preplacedword)
        {
            byte[] preplacedwordBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(preplacedword);
            byte[] saltBytes = Convert.FromBase64String(account.PreplacedwordSalt);
            byte[] buffer = preplacedwordBytes.Concat(saltBytes).ToArray();
            byte[] hash;

            using (SHA512Managed hasher = new SHA512Managed())
                hash = hasher.ComputeHash(buffer);

            return Convert.ToBase64String(hash);
        }

[CommandHandler("reportbug", AccessLevel.Player, CommandHandlerFlag.RequiresWorld, 2,
            "Generate a Bug Report",
            "<category> <description>\n" +
            "This command generates a URL for you to copy and paste into your web browser to submit for review by server operators and developers.\n" +
            "Category can be the following:\n" +
            "Creature\n" +
            "NPC\n" +
            "Item\n" +
            "Quest\n" +
            "Recipe\n" +
            "Landblock\n" +
            "Mechanic\n" +
            "Code\n" +
            "Other\n" +
            "For the first three options, the bug report will include identifiers for what you currently have selected/targeted.\n" +
            "After category, please include a brief description of the issue, which you can further detail in the report on the website.\n" +
            "Examples:\n" +
            "/reportbug creature Drudge Prowler is over powered\n" +
            "/reportbug npc Ulgrim doesn't know what to do with Sake\n" +
            "/reportbug quest I can't enter the portal to the Lost City of Frore\n" +
            "/reportbug recipe I cannot combine Bundle of Arrowheads with Bundle of Arrowshafts\n" +
            "/reportbug code I was killed by a Non-Player Killer\n"
            )]
        public static void HandleReportbug(Session session, params string[] parameters)
        {
            if (!PropertyManager.GetBool("reportbug_enabled").Item)
            {
                session.Network.EnqueueSend(new GameMessageSystemChat("The command \"reportbug\" is not currently enabled on this server.", ChatMessageType.Broadcast));
                return;
            }

            var category = parameters[0];
            var description = "";

            for (var i = 1; i < parameters.Length; i++)
                description += parameters[i] + " ";

            description.Trim();

            switch (category.ToLower())
            {
                case "creature":
                case "npc":
                case "quest":
                case "item":
                case "recipe":
                case "landblock":
                case "mechanic":
                case "code":
                case "other":
                    break;
                default:
                    category = "Other";
                    break;
            }

            var sn = ConfigManager.Config.Server.WorldName;
            var c = session.Player.Name;

            var st = "ACE";

            //var versions = ServerBuildInfo.GetVersionInfo();
            var databaseVersion = DatabaseManager.World.GetVersion();
            var sv = ServerBuildInfo.FullVersion;
            var pv = databaseVersion.PatchVersion;

            //var ct = PropertyManager.GetString("reportbug_content_type").Item;
            var cg = category.ToLower();

            var w = "";
            var g = "";

            if (cg == "creature" || cg == "npc"|| cg == "item" || cg == "item")
            {
                var objectId = new ObjectGuid();
                if (session.Player.HealthQueryTarget.HasValue || session.Player.ManaQueryTarget.HasValue || session.Player.CurrentAppraisalTarget.HasValue)
                {
                    if (session.Player.HealthQueryTarget.HasValue)
                        objectId = new ObjectGuid((uint)session.Player.HealthQueryTarget);
                    else if (session.Player.ManaQueryTarget.HasValue)
                        objectId = new ObjectGuid((uint)session.Player.ManaQueryTarget);
                    else
                        objectId = new ObjectGuid((uint)session.Player.CurrentAppraisalTarget);

                    //var wo = session.Player.CurrentLandblock?.GetObject(objectId);

                    var wo = session.Player.FindObject(objectId.Full, Player.SearchLocations.Everywhere);

                    if (wo != null)
                    {
                        w = $"{wo.WeenieClreplacedId}";
                        g = $"0x{wo.Guid:X8}";
                    }
                }
            }

            var l = session.Player.Location.ToLOCString();

            var issue = description;

            var urlbase = $"https://www.accpp.net/bug?";

            var url = urlbase;
            if (sn.Length > 0)
                url += $"sn={Convert.ToBase64String(System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(sn))}";
            if (c.Length > 0)
                url += $"&c={Convert.ToBase64String(System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(c))}";
            if (st.Length > 0)
                url += $"&st={Convert.ToBase64String(System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(st))}";
            if (sv.Length > 0)
                url += $"&sv={Convert.ToBase64String(System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(sv))}";
            if (pv.Length > 0)
                url += $"&pv={Convert.ToBase64String(System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(pv))}";
            //if (ct.Length > 0)
            //    url += $"&ct={Convert.ToBase64String(System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(ct))}";
            if (cg.Length > 0)
            {
                if (cg == "npc")
                    cg = cg.ToUpper();
                else
                    cg = char.ToUpper(cg[0]) + cg.Substring(1);
                url += $"&cg={Convert.ToBase64String(System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(cg))}";
            }
            if (w.Length > 0)
                url += $"&w={Convert.ToBase64String(System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(w))}";
            if (g.Length > 0)
                url += $"&g={Convert.ToBase64String(System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(g))}";
            if (l.Length > 0)
                url += $"&l={Convert.ToBase64String(System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(l))}";
            if (issue.Length > 0)
                url += $"&i={Convert.ToBase64String(System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(issue))}";

            var msg = "\n\n\n\n";
            msg += "Bug Report - Copy and Paste the following URL into your browser to submit a bug report\n";
            msg += "-=-\n";
            msg += $"{url}\n";
            msg += "-=-\n";
            msg += "\n\n\n\n";

            session.Network.EnqueueSend(new GameMessageSystemChat(msg, ChatMessageType.AdminTell));
        }

public void SetBasicAuth(string username, string preplacedword)
        {
            _client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Authorization = new AuthenticationHeaderValue(
                "Basic",
                Convert.ToBase64String(
                    Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes($"{username}:{preplacedword}")));
        }

private string GenerateBasicAuthHeader(RunnerActionPluginExecutionContext executionContext, string accessToken)
        {
            // use basic auth header with username:preplacedword in base64encoding. 
            string authHeader = $"x-access-token:{accessToken}";
            string base64encodedAuthHeader = Convert.ToBase64String(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(authHeader));

            // add base64 encoding auth header into secretMasker.
            executionContext.AddMask(base64encodedAuthHeader);
            return $"basic {base64encodedAuthHeader}";
        }

private async Task<GitHubRunnerRegisterToken> GetJITRunnerTokenAsync(string githubUrl, string githubToken, string tokenType)
        {
            var githubApiUrl = "";
            var gitHubUrlBuilder = new UriBuilder(githubUrl);
            var path = gitHubUrlBuilder.Path.Split('/', '\\', StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);
            if (path.Length == 1)
            {
                // org runner
                if (UrlUtil.IsHostedServer(gitHubUrlBuilder))
                {
                    githubApiUrl = $"{gitHubUrlBuilder.Scheme}://api.{gitHubUrlBuilder.Host}/orgs/{path[0]}/actions/runners/{tokenType}-token";
                }
                else
                {
                    githubApiUrl = $"{gitHubUrlBuilder.Scheme}://{gitHubUrlBuilder.Host}/api/v3/orgs/{path[0]}/actions/runners/{tokenType}-token";
                }
            }
            else if (path.Length == 2)
            {
                // repo or enterprise runner.
                var repoScope = "repos/";
                if (string.Equals(path[0], "enterprises", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
                {
                    repoScope = "";
                }

                if (UrlUtil.IsHostedServer(gitHubUrlBuilder))
                {
                    githubApiUrl = $"{gitHubUrlBuilder.Scheme}://api.{gitHubUrlBuilder.Host}/{repoScope}{path[0]}/{path[1]}/actions/runners/{tokenType}-token";
                }
                else
                {
                    githubApiUrl = $"{gitHubUrlBuilder.Scheme}://{gitHubUrlBuilder.Host}/api/v3/{repoScope}{path[0]}/{path[1]}/actions/runners/{tokenType}-token";
                }
            }
            else
            {
                throw new ArgumentException($"'{githubUrl}' should point to an org or repository.");
            }

            using (var httpClientHandler = HostContext.CreateHttpClientHandler())
            using (var httpClient = new HttpClient(httpClientHandler))
            {
                var base64EncodingToken = Convert.ToBase64String(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes($"github:{githubToken}"));
                HostContext.SecretMasker.AddValue(base64EncodingToken);
                httpClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Authorization = new AuthenticationHeaderValue("basic", base64EncodingToken);
                httpClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.UserAgent.AddRange(HostContext.UserAgents);
                httpClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.ParseAdd("application/vnd.github.v3+json");

                var response = await httpClient.PostAsync(githubApiUrl, new StringContent(string.Empty));

                if (response.IsSuccessStatusCode)
                {
                    Trace.Info($"Http response code: {response.StatusCode} from 'POST {githubApiUrl}'");
                    var jsonResponse = await response.Content.ReadreplacedtringAsync();
                    return StringUtil.ConvertFromJson<GitHubRunnerRegisterToken>(jsonResponse);
                }
                else
                {
                    _term.WriteError($"Http response code: {response.StatusCode} from 'POST {githubApiUrl}'");
                    var errorResponse = await response.Content.ReadreplacedtringAsync();
                    _term.WriteError(errorResponse);
                    response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();
                    return null;
                }
            }
        }

public static String ToBase64StringNoPadding(this byte[] bytes)
        {
            ArgumentUtility.CheckEnumerableForNullOrEmpty(bytes, "bytes");

            string s = Convert.ToBase64String(bytes); // Regular base64 encoder
            s = s.Split('=')[0]; // Remove any trailing '='s
            s = s.Replace('+', '-'); // 62nd char of encoding
            s = s.Replace('/', '_'); // 63rd char of encoding
            return s;
        }

public void InitializeJob(Pipelines.AgentJobRequestMessage message, CancellationToken token)
        {
            // Validation
            Trace.Entering();
            ArgUtil.NotNull(message, nameof(message));
            ArgUtil.NotNull(message.Resources, nameof(message.Resources));
            ArgUtil.NotNull(message.Variables, nameof(message.Variables));
            ArgUtil.NotNull(message.Plan, nameof(message.Plan));

            _cancellationTokenSource = CancellationTokenSource.CreateLinkedTokenSource(token);

            Global = new GlobalContext();

            // Plan
            Global.Plan = message.Plan;
            Global.Features = PlanUtil.GetFeatures(message.Plan);

            // Endpoints
            Global.Endpoints = message.Resources.Endpoints;

            // Variables
            Global.Variables = new Variables(HostContext, message.Variables);

            // Environment variables shared across all actions
            Global.EnvironmentVariables = new Dictionary<string, string>(VarUtil.EnvironmentVariableKeyComparer);

            // Job defaults shared across all actions
            Global.JobDefaults = new Dictionary<string, IDictionary<string, string>>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);

            // Job Outputs
            JobOutputs = new Dictionary<string, VariableValue>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);

            // Actions environment
            ActionsEnvironment = message.ActionsEnvironment;

            // ActionsStepTelemetry
            ActionsStepsTelemetry = new List<ActionsStepTelemetry>();

            JobTelemetry = new List<JobTelemetry>();

            // Service container info
            Global.ServiceContainers = new List<ContainerInfo>();

            // Steps context (StepsRunner manages adding the scoped steps context)
            Global.StepsContext = new StepsContext();

            // File table
            Global.FileTable = new List<String>(message.FileTable ?? new string[0]);

            // Expression values
            if (message.ContextData?.Count > 0)
            {
                foreach (var pair in message.ContextData)
                {
                    ExpressionValues[pair.Key] = pair.Value;
                }
            }

            ExpressionValues["secrets"] = Global.Variables.ToSecretsContext();
            ExpressionValues["runner"] = new RunnerContext();
            ExpressionValues["job"] = new JobContext();

            Trace.Info("Initialize GitHub context");
            var githubAccessToken = new StringContextData(Global.Variables.Get("system.github.token"));
            var base64EncodedToken = Convert.ToBase64String(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes($"x-access-token:{githubAccessToken}"));
            HostContext.SecretMasker.AddValue(base64EncodedToken);
            var githubJob = Global.Variables.Get("system.github.job");
            var githubContext = new GitHubContext();
            githubContext["token"] = githubAccessToken;
            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(githubJob))
            {
                githubContext["job"] = new StringContextData(githubJob);
            }
            var githubDictionary = ExpressionValues["github"].replacedertDictionary("github");
            foreach (var pair in githubDictionary)
            {
                githubContext[pair.Key] = pair.Value;
            }
            ExpressionValues["github"] = githubContext;

            Trace.Info("Initialize Env context");
#if OS_WINDOWS
            ExpressionValues["env"] = new DictionaryContextData();
#else

            ExpressionValues["env"] = new CaseSensitiveDictionaryContextData();
#endif

            // Prepend Path
            Global.PrependPath = new List<string>();

            // JobSteps for job ExecutionContext
            JobSteps = new Queue<IStep>();

            // PostJobSteps for job ExecutionContext
            PostJobSteps = new Stack<IStep>();

            // StepsWithPostRegistered for job ExecutionContext
            StepsWithPostRegistered = new HashSet<Guid>();

            // EmbeddedStepsWithPostRegistered for job ExecutionContext
            EmbeddedStepsWithPostRegistered = new Dictionary<Guid, string>();

            // EmbeddedIntraActionState for job ExecutionContext
            EmbeddedIntraActionState = new Dictionary<Guid, Dictionary<string, string>>();

            // Job timeline record.
            InitializeTimelineRecord(
                timelineId: message.Timeline.Id,
                timelineRecordId: message.JobId,
                parentTimelineRecordId: null,
                recordType: ExecutionContextType.Job,
                displayName: message.JobDisplayName,
                refName: message.JobName,
                order: null); // The job timeline record's order is set by server.

            // Logger (must be initialized before writing warnings).
            _logger = HostContext.CreateService<IPagingLogger>();
            _logger.Setup(_mainTimelineId, _record.Id);

            // Initialize 'echo on action command success' property, default to false, unless Step_Debug is set
            EchoOnActionCommand = Global.Variables.Step_Debug ?? false;

            // Verbosity (from GitHub.Step_Debug).
            Global.WriteDebug = Global.Variables.Step_Debug ?? false;

            // Hook up JobServerQueueThrottling event, we will log warning on server tarpit.
            _jobServerQueue.JobServerQueueThrottling += JobServerQueueThrottling_EventReceived;
        }

private static string Base64StringEscapeShift(String value, int shift)
        {
            var bytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(value);
            if (bytes.Length > shift)
            {
                var shiftArray = new byte[bytes.Length - shift];
                Array.Copy(bytes, shift, shiftArray, 0, bytes.Length - shift);
                return Convert.ToBase64String(shiftArray);
            }
            else
            {
                return Convert.ToBase64String(bytes);
            }
        }

[EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
        public async Task<HttpResponseMessage> UploadFileAsync(
            Int64 containerId,
            String itemPath,
            Stream fileStream,
            byte[] contentId,
            Int64 fileLength,
            Boolean isGzipped,
            Guid scopeIdentifier,
            CancellationToken cancellationToken = default(CancellationToken),
            int chunkSize = c_defaultChunkSize,
            int chunkRetryTimes = c_defaultChunkRetryTimes,
            bool uploadFirstChunk = false,
            Object userState = null)
        {
            if (containerId < 1)
            {
                throw new ArgumentException(WebApiResources.ContainerIdMustBeGreaterThanZero(), "containerId");
            }

            if (chunkSize > c_maxChunkSize)
            {
                chunkSize = c_maxChunkSize;
            }

            // if a contentId is specified but the chunk size is not a 2mb multiple error
            if (contentId != null && (chunkSize % c_ContentChunkMultiple) != 0)
            {
                throw new ArgumentException(FileContainerResources.ChunksizeWrongWithContentId(c_ContentChunkMultiple), "chunkSize");
            }

            ArgumentUtility.CheckForNull(fileStream, "fileStream");

            ApiResourceVersion gzipSupportedVersion = new ApiResourceVersion(new Version(1, 0), 2);
            ApiResourceVersion requestVersion = await NegotiateRequestVersionAsync(FileContainerResourceIds.FileContainer, s_currentApiVersion, userState, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);

            if (isGzipped
                && (requestVersion.ApiVersion < gzipSupportedVersion.ApiVersion
                    || (requestVersion.ApiVersion == gzipSupportedVersion.ApiVersion && requestVersion.ResourceVersion < gzipSupportedVersion.ResourceVersion)))
            {
                throw new ArgumentException(FileContainerResources.GzipNotSupportedOnServer(), "isGzipped");
            }

            if (isGzipped && fileStream.Length >= fileLength)
            {
                throw new ArgumentException(FileContainerResources.BadCompression(), "fileLength");
            }

            HttpRequestMessage requestMessage = null;
            List<KeyValuePair<String, String>> query = AppendItemQueryString(itemPath, scopeIdentifier);

            if (fileStream.Length == 0)
            {
                // zero byte upload
                FileUploadTrace(itemPath, $"Upload zero byte file '{itemPath}'.");
                requestMessage = await CreateRequestMessageAsync(HttpMethod.Put, FileContainerResourceIds.FileContainer, routeValues: new { containerId = containerId }, version: s_currentApiVersion, queryParameters: query, userState: userState, cancellationToken: cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
                return await SendAsync(requestMessage, userState, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
            }

            bool multiChunk = false;
            int totalChunks = 1;
            if (fileStream.Length > chunkSize)
            {
                totalChunks = (int)Math.Ceiling(fileStream.Length / (double)chunkSize);
                FileUploadTrace(itemPath, $"Begin chunking upload file '{itemPath}', chunk size '{chunkSize} Bytes', total chunks '{totalChunks}'.");
                multiChunk = true;
            }
            else
            {
                FileUploadTrace(itemPath, $"File '{itemPath}' will be uploaded in one chunk.");
                chunkSize = (int)fileStream.Length;
            }

            StreamParser streamParser = new StreamParser(fileStream, chunkSize);
            SubStream currentStream = streamParser.GetNextStream();
            HttpResponseMessage response = null;

            Byte[] dataToSend = new Byte[chunkSize];
            int currentChunk = 0;
            Stopwatch uploadTimer = new Stopwatch();
            while (currentStream.Length > 0 && !cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
            {
                currentChunk++;

                for (int attempt = 1; attempt <= chunkRetryTimes && !cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested; attempt++)
                {
                    if (attempt > 1)
                    {
                        TimeSpan backoff = BackoffTimerHelper.GetRandomBackoff(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5), TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10));
                        FileUploadTrace(itemPath, $"Backoff {backoff.TotalSeconds} seconds before attempt '{attempt}' chunk '{currentChunk}' of file '{itemPath}'.");
                        await Task.Delay(backoff, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
                        currentStream.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
                    }

                    FileUploadTrace(itemPath, $"Attempt '{attempt}' for uploading chunk '{currentChunk}' of file '{itemPath}'.");

                    // inorder for the upload to be retryable, we need the content to be re-readable
                    // to ensure this we copy the chunk into a byte array and send that
                    // chunk size ensures we can convert the length to an int
                    int bytesToCopy = (int)currentStream.Length;
                    using (MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream(dataToSend))
                    {
                        await currentStream.CopyToAsync(ms, bytesToCopy, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
                    }

                    // set the content and the Content-Range header
                    HttpContent byteArrayContent = new ByteArrayContent(dataToSend, 0, bytesToCopy);
                    byteArrayContent.Headers.ContentType = new System.Net.Http.Headers.MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/octet-stream");
                    byteArrayContent.Headers.ContentLength = currentStream.Length;
                    byteArrayContent.Headers.ContentRange = new System.Net.Http.Headers.ContentRangeHeaderValue(currentStream.StartingPostionOnOuterStream,
                                                                                                             currentStream.EndingPostionOnOuterStream,
                                                                                                             streamParser.Length);
                    FileUploadTrace(itemPath, $"Generate new HttpRequest for uploading file '{itemPath}', chunk '{currentChunk}' of '{totalChunks}'.");

                    try
                    {
                        if (requestMessage != null)
                        {
                            requestMessage.Dispose();
                            requestMessage = null;
                        }

                        requestMessage = await CreateRequestMessageAsync(
                            HttpMethod.Put,
                            FileContainerResourceIds.FileContainer,
                            routeValues: new { containerId = containerId },
                            version: s_currentApiVersion,
                            content: byteArrayContent,
                            queryParameters: query,
                            userState: userState,
                            cancellationToken: cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
                    }
                    catch (OperationCanceledException) when (cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
                    {
                        // stop re-try on cancellation.
                        throw;
                    }
                    catch (Exception ex) when (attempt < chunkRetryTimes) // not the last attempt
                    {
                        FileUploadTrace(itemPath, $"Chunk '{currentChunk}' attempt '{attempt}' of file '{itemPath}' fail to create HttpRequest. Error: {ex.ToString()}.");
                        continue;
                    }

                    if (isGzipped)
                    {
                        //add gzip header info
                        byteArrayContent.Headers.ContentEncoding.Add("gzip");
                        byteArrayContent.Headers.Add("x-tfs-filelength", fileLength.ToString(System.Globalization.CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
                    }

                    if (contentId != null)
                    {
                        byteArrayContent.Headers.Add("x-vso-contentId", Convert.ToBase64String(contentId)); // Base64FormattingOptions.None is default when not supplied
                    }

                    FileUploadTrace(itemPath, $"Start uploading file '{itemPath}' to server, chunk '{currentChunk}'.");
                    uploadTimer.Restart();

                    try
                    {
                        if (response != null)
                        {
                            response.Dispose();
                            response = null;
                        }

                        response = await SendAsync(requestMessage, userState, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
                    }
                    catch (OperationCanceledException) when (cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
                    {
                        // stop re-try on cancellation.
                        throw;
                    }
                    catch (Exception ex) when (attempt < chunkRetryTimes) // not the last attempt
                    {
                        FileUploadTrace(itemPath, $"Chunk '{currentChunk}' attempt '{attempt}' of file '{itemPath}' fail to send request to server. Error: {ex.ToString()}.");
                        continue;
                    }

                    uploadTimer.Stop();
                    FileUploadTrace(itemPath, $"Finished upload chunk '{currentChunk}' of file '{itemPath}', elapsed {uploadTimer.ElapsedMilliseconds} (ms), response code '{response.StatusCode}'.");

                    if (multiChunk)
                    {
                        FileUploadProgress(itemPath, currentChunk, (int)Math.Ceiling(fileStream.Length / (double)chunkSize));
                    }

                    if (response.IsSuccessStatusCode)
                    {
                        break;
                    }
                    else if (IsFastFailResponse(response))
                    {
                        FileUploadTrace(itemPath, $"Chunk '{currentChunk}' attempt '{attempt}' of file '{itemPath}' received non-success status code {response.StatusCode} for sending request and cannot continue.");
                        break;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        FileUploadTrace(itemPath, $"Chunk '{currentChunk}' attempt '{attempt}' of file '{itemPath}' received non-success status code {response.StatusCode} for sending request.");
                        continue;
                    }
                }

                // if we don't have success then bail and return the failed response
                if (!response.IsSuccessStatusCode)
                {
                    break;
                }

                if (contentId != null && response.StatusCode == HttpStatusCode.Created)
                {
                    // no need to keep uploading since the server said it has all the content
                    FileUploadTrace(itemPath, $"Stop chunking upload the rest of the file '{itemPath}', since server already has all the content.");
                    break;
                }

                currentStream = streamParser.GetNextStream();
                if (uploadFirstChunk)
                {
                    break;
                }
            }

            cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();

            return response;
        }