System.BitConverter.GetBytes(long)

public static Dictionary<IntPtr, string> RemovePointers(MachineType mt, Dictionary<IntPtr, string> srcList, byte[] bytes)
        {
            bool nullByte = false;
            foreach(byte b in bytes)
            {
                if(b == 0x00)
                {
                    nullByte = true;
                }
            }

            for (int i = 0; i < srcList.Count; i++)
            {
                bool removed = false;
                var ptr = BitConverter.GetBytes((long)srcList.ElementAt(i).Key);
                for (int j = 0; j < ptr.Length; j++)
                {
                    for (int k = 0; k < bytes.Length; k++)
                    {
                        if (bytes[k] == ptr[j] && removed == false)
                        {
                            srcList.Remove(srcList.ElementAt(i).Key);
                            removed = true;
                            i--;
                        }
                        if (mt == MachineType.I386 && removed == false && nullByte == true)
                        {
                            if (srcList.ElementAt(i).Key.ToString("X").Length < 7)
                            {
                                srcList.Remove(srcList.ElementAt(i).Key);
                                removed = true;
                                i--;
                            }
                        }
                        else if (mt == MachineType.x64 && removed == false && nullByte == true)
                        {
                            if (srcList.ElementAt(i).Key.ToString("X").Length < 15)
                            {
                                srcList.Remove(srcList.ElementAt(i).Key);
                                removed = true;
                                i--;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            return srcList;
        }

internal static byte[] GetHashFinalBlock(byte[] input, int ibStart, int cbSize, ABCDStruct ABCD, Int64 len)
    {
        byte[] working = new byte[64];  
        byte[] length = BitConverter.GetBytes(len);

        //Padding is a single bit 1, followed by the number of 0s required to make size congruent to 448 modulo 512. Step 1 of RFC 1321  
        //The CLR ensures that our buffer is 0-replacedigned, we don't need to explicitly set it. This is why it ends up being quicker to just
        //use a temporary array rather then doing in-place replacedignment (5% for small inputs)
        Array.Copy(input, ibStart, working, 0, cbSize);
        working[cbSize] = 0x80;

        //We have enough room to store the length in this chunk
        if (cbSize < 56) 
        {
            Array.Copy(length, 0, working, 56, 8);
            GetHashBlock(working, ref ABCD, 0);
        }
        else  //We need an aditional chunk to store the length
        {
            GetHashBlock(working, ref ABCD, 0);
            //Create an entirely new chunk due to the 0-replacedigned trick mentioned above, to avoid an extra function call clearing the array
            working = new byte[64];
            Array.Copy(length, 0, working, 56, 8);
            GetHashBlock(working, ref ABCD, 0);
        }
        byte[] output = new byte[16];
        Array.Copy(BitConverter.GetBytes(ABCD.A), 0, output, 0, 4);
        Array.Copy(BitConverter.GetBytes(ABCD.B), 0, output, 4, 4);
        Array.Copy(BitConverter.GetBytes(ABCD.C), 0, output, 8, 4);
        Array.Copy(BitConverter.GetBytes(ABCD.D), 0, output, 12, 4);
        return output;
    }

private static byte[] replacedembleShellcode(CallDescriptor callDescriptor)
        {
            var shellcode = new List<byte>();

            if (callDescriptor.IsWow64Call)
            {
                // replacedemble the function parameters

                if (callDescriptor.CallingConvention == CallingConvention.FastCall)
                {
                    Parameterreplacedembler.replacedembleFastCallParameters(callDescriptor, ref shellcode);
                }

                else
                {
                    Parameterreplacedembler.replacedembleStdCallParameters(callDescriptor, ref shellcode);
                }

                // mov eax, functionAddress

                shellcode.Add(0xB8);

                shellcode.AddRange(BitConverter.GetBytes((int) callDescriptor.FunctionAddress));

                // call eax

                shellcode.AddRange(new byte[] {0xFF, 0xD0});

                if (callDescriptor.ReturnAddress != IntPtr.Zero)
                {
                    // mov [returnAddress], eax

                    shellcode.Add(0xA3);

                    shellcode.AddRange(BitConverter.GetBytes((int) callDescriptor.ReturnAddress));
                }

                // xor eax, eax

                shellcode.AddRange(new byte[] {0x33, 0xC0});

                // ret

                shellcode.Add(0xC3);
            }

            else
            {
                // replacedemble the function parameters

                Parameterreplacedembler.replacedembleFastCallParameters(callDescriptor, ref shellcode);

                // mov rax, functionAddress

                shellcode.AddRange(new byte[] {0x48, 0xB8});

                shellcode.AddRange(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) callDescriptor.FunctionAddress));

                // sub rsp, 0x28

                shellcode.AddRange(new byte[] {0x48, 0x83, 0xEC, 0x28});

                // call rax

                shellcode.AddRange(new byte[] {0xFF, 0xD0});

                // add rsp, 0x28

                shellcode.AddRange(new byte[] {0x48, 0x83, 0xC4, 0x28});

                if (callDescriptor.ReturnAddress != IntPtr.Zero)
                {
                    // mov [returnAddress], rax

                    shellcode.AddRange(new byte[] {0x48, 0xA3});

                    shellcode.AddRange(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) callDescriptor.ReturnAddress));
                }

                // xor eax, eax

                shellcode.AddRange(new byte[] {0x31, 0xC0});

                // ret

                shellcode.Add(0xC3);
            }

            return shellcode.ToArray();
        }

public void AddInt64(long value)
		{
			byte[] blob = BitConverter.GetBytes(value);
			InternalSwap(blob);
			AddBytes(blob);
		}

[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
		protected void Store32BitFrom32 (long input, int offset) {
			var bytes = BitConverter.GetBytes (input);
			this.memory [offset + 0] = bytes [0];
			this.memory [offset + 1] = bytes [1];
			this.memory [offset + 2] = bytes [2];
			this.memory [offset + 3] = bytes [3];
		}

private static bool WriteJumpOrCall(Process process, IntPtr addr, IntPtr dest, bool call)
        {
            var x64 = process.Is64Bit();

            int jmpLen = x64 ? 12 : 5;

            var instruction = new List<byte>(jmpLen);
            if (x64)
            {
                instruction.AddRange(new byte[] { 0x48, 0xB8 }); // mov rax immediate
                instruction.AddRange(BitConverter.GetBytes((long)dest));
                instruction.AddRange(new byte[] { 0xFF, call ? (byte)0xD0 : (byte)0xE0 }); // jmp/call rax
            }
            else
            {
                int offset = unchecked((int)dest - (int)(addr + jmpLen));
                instruction.AddRange(new byte[] { call ? (byte)0xE8 : (byte)0xE9 }); // jmp/call immediate
                instruction.AddRange(BitConverter.GetBytes(offset));
            }

            MemPageProtect oldProtect;
            process.VirtualProtect(addr, jmpLen, MemPageProtect.PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE, out oldProtect);
            bool success = process.WriteBytes(addr, instruction.ToArray());
            process.VirtualProtect(addr, jmpLen, oldProtect);

            return success;
        }

public long ReadInt64Reverse()
        {
            return this.ReadReverse<long>(BitConverter.GetBytes(this.ReadInt64()));
        }

public static byte[] FromTimeSpan(TimeSpan data, DateTimeOffset? timestamp = null)
            => BitConverter.GetBytes(data.Ticks).AppendTimestamp(timestamp);

internal static void WriteSaveStatToSave(string SaveFile)
        {
            using (var SaveStatWriter = new BinaryWriter(File.Open(SaveFile, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Write)))
            {
                SaveStatWriter.BaseStream.Position = 0x24;

                // "SAVESTAT_GAMES_CAMPAIGN"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown1.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_GAMES_CAMPAIGN_NORMAL"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown2.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_GAMES_CAMPAIGN_REVERSE"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown3.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_GAMES_CHALLENGE"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown4.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_GAMES_MULTIPLAYER"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown5.Value));
                // ""SAVESTAT_GAMES_MULTIPLAYER_1V1"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown6.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_GAMES_MULTIPLAYER_TAG"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown7.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_GAMES_MULTIPLAYER_RANKED"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown8.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_GAMES_MULTIPLAYER_FRIENDLY"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown9.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_GAMES_MULTIPLAYER_BATTLEPACK_ANY"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown10.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_GAMES_MULTIPLAYER_BATTLEPACK_1"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown11.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_GAMES_MULTIPLAYER_BATTLEPACK_2"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown12.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_GAMES_MULTIPLAYER_BATTLEPACK_3"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown13.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_WINS_CAMPAIGN"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown14.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_WINS_CAMPAIGN_NORMAL"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown15.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_WINS_CAMPAIGN_REVERSE"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown16.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_WINS_CHALLENGE"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown17.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_WINS_MULTIPLAYER"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown18.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_WINS_MULTIPLAYER_1V1"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown19.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_WINS_MULTIPLAYER_TAG"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown20.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_WINS_MULTIPLAYER_RANKED"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown21.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_WINS_MULTIPLAYER_FRIENDLY"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown22.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_WINS_MULTIPLAYER_BATTLEPACK_ANY"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown23.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_WINS_MULTIPLAYER_BATTLEPACK_1"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown24.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_WINS_MULTIPLAYER_BATTLEPACK_2"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown25.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_WINS_MULTIPLAYER_BATTLEPACK_3"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown26.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_WINS_MATCH"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown27.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_WINS_NONMATCH"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown28.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_SUMMONS_NORMAL"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown29.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_SUMMONS_TRIBUTE"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown30.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_SUMMONS_RITUAL"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown31.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_SUMMONS_FUSION"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown32.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_SUMMONS_XYZ"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown33.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_SUMMONS_SYNCHRO"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown34.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_SUMMONS_PENDULUM"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown35.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_DAMAGE_ANY"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown36.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_DAMAGE_BATTLE"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown37.Value));
                // SAVESTAT_DAMAGE_DIRECT"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown38.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_DAMAGE_EFFECT"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown39.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_DAMAGE_REFLECT"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown40.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_CHAINS"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown41.Value));
                // "SAVESTAT_DECKS_CREATED"
                SaveStatWriter.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) Form1.numericUpDown42.Value));
            }
        }

private static byte[] FromDateTimeOffset(DateTimeOffset data)
            => BitConverter.GetBytes(data.ToFileTime());

public static Guid NewSequentialGuid(IdenreplacedyGeneratorType guidType)
        {
            var randomBytes = new byte[10];
            Rng.GetBytes(randomBytes);

            var timestamp = DateTime.UtcNow.Ticks / 10000L;
            var timestampBytes = BitConverter.GetBytes(timestamp);

            if (BitConverter.IsLittleEndian)
            {
                Array.Reverse(timestampBytes);
            }

            var guidBytes = new byte[16];

            switch (guidType)
            {
                case IdenreplacedyGeneratorType.Sequentialreplacedtring:
                case IdenreplacedyGeneratorType.SequentialAsBinary:
                    Buffer.BlockCopy(timestampBytes, 2, guidBytes, 0, 6);
                    Buffer.BlockCopy(randomBytes, 0, guidBytes, 6, 10);

                    if (guidType == IdenreplacedyGeneratorType.Sequentialreplacedtring && BitConverter.IsLittleEndian)
                    {
                        Array.Reverse(guidBytes, 0, 4);
                        Array.Reverse(guidBytes, 4, 2);
                    }
                    break;

                case IdenreplacedyGeneratorType.SequentialAtEnd:
                    Buffer.BlockCopy(randomBytes, 0, guidBytes, 0, 10);
                    Buffer.BlockCopy(timestampBytes, 2, guidBytes, 10, 6);
                    break;
            }

            return new Guid(guidBytes);
        }

[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
		protected void Store8BitFrom64 (long input, int offset) {
			var bytes = BitConverter.GetBytes (input);
			this.memory [offset + 0] = bytes [0];
		}

[Fact]
        public async Task MinAsync_Success_Test()
        {
            var chain = await _chainService.GetChainAsync();
            var hash = chain.BestChainHash;
            var height = chain.BestChainHeight;

            var blockHeader = await _minerService.CreateTemplateCacheAsync(hash, height, TimestampHelper.GetUtcNow(),
                TimestampHelper.DurationFromMinutes(1));

            var byteString = blockHeader.ToByteString();

            var bytes = byteString.ToByteArray();


            //Send Bytes to Client

            #region Client Side

            //Client side, you can search nonce and replace it

            var nonce = BitConverter.GetBytes(long.MaxValue - 1);

            var start = bytes.Find(nonce);

            start.ShouldBeGreaterThan(0);

            for (int i = 0; i < nonce.Length; i++)
            {
                bytes[start + i] = 9; //change nonce
            }

            bytes.Find(nonce).ShouldBe(-1);

            var newHeader = BlockHeader.Parser.ParseFrom(ByteString.CopyFrom(bytes));

            //Test mining method
            newHeader.GetHash().ShouldBe(HashHelper.ComputeFrom(newHeader.ToByteArray()));
            newHeader.GetHash().ShouldBe(HashHelper.ComputeFrom(bytes));


            //Start mining 

            Random r = new Random();

            while (HashHelper.ComputeFrom(bytes).Value[0] != 0)
            {
                //find first hash byte is 0

                for (int i = 0; i < nonce.Length; i++)
                {
                    bytes[start + i] = (byte) r.Next(); //change nonce, very slow, just for demo
                }
            }

            #endregion

            //Send bytes to Server

            newHeader = BlockHeader.Parser.ParseFrom(ByteString.CopyFrom(bytes));

            var newHeaderHash = newHeader.GetHash();

            newHeaderHash.Value[0].ShouldBe((byte) 0); // first byte should be zero

            var block = await _minerService.ChangeTemplateCacheBlockHeaderAndClearCacheAsync(newHeader);
            
            block.GetHash().ShouldBe(newHeader.GetHash()); // check new block's header
            block.Header.Signature.ShouldBeEmpty(); // check signature
        }

public static List<Register> Create(long value, ushort address, bool isInput = false)
		{
			if (address + 3 > Consts.MaxAddress)
				throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(address));

			var list = new List<Register>();
			byte[] blob = BitConverter.GetBytes(value);
			if (BitConverter.IsLittleEndian)
				Array.Reverse(blob);

			for (int i = 0; i < blob.Length / 2; i++)
			{
				int bytePos = i * 2;
				list.Add(new Register
				{
					Type = isInput ? ModbusObjectType.InputRegister : ModbusObjectType.HoldingRegister,
					Address = Convert.ToUInt16(address + i),
					HiByte = blob[bytePos],
					LoByte = blob[bytePos + 1]
				});
			}

			return list;
		}

public void SetCounter(long id) {
            using (var tx = _le.BeginTransaction()) {
                var key = FdbTuple.Create((byte) Tables.SysCounter);
                if (id == 0) {
                    tx.Delete(_ld, key.GetBytes());
                } else {
                    tx.Put(_ld, key.GetBytes(), BitConverter.GetBytes(id));
                }
                tx.Commit();
            }
        }

public static void WriteInt64(Stream stream, long i)
        {
            byte[] bytes = Convert(BitConverter.GetBytes(i));

            stream.Write(bytes, 0, bytes.Length);
        }

private static byte[] replacedembleShellcode(CallDescriptor callDescriptor, IntPtr completionFlagBuffer)
        {
            var shellcode = new List<byte>();

            if (callDescriptor.IsWow64Call)
            {
                // pushf

                shellcode.Add(0x9C);

                // pusha

                shellcode.Add(0x60);

                // replacedemble the function parameters

                if (callDescriptor.CallingConvention == CallingConvention.FastCall)
                {
                    Parameterreplacedembler.replacedembleFastCallParameters(callDescriptor, ref shellcode);
                }

                else
                {
                    Parameterreplacedembler.replacedembleStdCallParameters(callDescriptor, ref shellcode);
                }

                // mov eax, functionAddress

                shellcode.Add(0xB8);

                shellcode.AddRange(BitConverter.GetBytes((int) callDescriptor.FunctionAddress));

                // call eax

                shellcode.AddRange(new byte[] {0xFF, 0xD0});

                if (callDescriptor.ReturnAddress != IntPtr.Zero)
                {
                    // mov [returnAddress], eax

                    shellcode.Add(0xA3);

                    shellcode.AddRange(BitConverter.GetBytes((int) callDescriptor.ReturnAddress));
                }

                // mov BYTE PTR [completionFlagBuffer], 0x01

                shellcode.AddRange(new byte[] {0xC6, 0x05});

                shellcode.AddRange(BitConverter.GetBytes((int) completionFlagBuffer));

                shellcode.Add(0x01);

                // popa

                shellcode.Add(0x61);

                // popf

                shellcode.Add(0x9D);

                // ret

                shellcode.Add(0xC3);
            }

            else
            {
                // pushf

                shellcode.Add(0x9C);

                // push rax

                shellcode.Add(0x50);

                // push rbx

                shellcode.Add(0x53);

                // push rcx

                shellcode.Add(0x51);

                // push rdx

                shellcode.Add(0x52);

                // push r8

                shellcode.AddRange(new byte[] {0x41, 0x50});

                // push r9

                shellcode.AddRange(new byte[] {0x41, 0x51});

                // push r10

                shellcode.AddRange(new byte[] {0x41, 0x52});

                // push r11

                shellcode.AddRange(new byte[] {0x41, 0x53});

                // replacedemble the function parameters

                Parameterreplacedembler.replacedembleFastCallParameters(callDescriptor, ref shellcode);

                // mov rax, functionAddress

                shellcode.AddRange(new byte[] {0x48, 0xB8});

                shellcode.AddRange(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) callDescriptor.FunctionAddress));

                // sub rsp, 0x28

                shellcode.AddRange(new byte[] {0x48, 0x83, 0xEC, 0x28});

                // call rax

                shellcode.AddRange(new byte[] {0xFF, 0xD0});

                // add rsp, 0x28

                shellcode.AddRange(new byte[] {0x48, 0x83, 0xC4, 0x28});

                if (callDescriptor.ReturnAddress != IntPtr.Zero)
                {
                    // mov [returnAddress], rax

                    shellcode.AddRange(new byte[] {0x48, 0xA3});

                    shellcode.AddRange(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) callDescriptor.ReturnAddress));
                }

                // mov rax, completionFlagBuffer

                shellcode.AddRange(new byte[] {0x48, 0xB8});

                shellcode.AddRange(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) completionFlagBuffer));

                // mov BYTE PTR [rax], 0x01

                shellcode.AddRange(new byte[] {0xC6, 0x00, 0x01});

                // pop r11

                shellcode.AddRange(new byte[] {0x41, 0x5B});

                // pop r10

                shellcode.AddRange(new byte[] {0x41, 0x5A});

                // pop r9

                shellcode.AddRange(new byte[] {0x41, 0x59});

                // pop r8

                shellcode.AddRange(new byte[] {0x41, 0x58});

                // pop rdx

                shellcode.Add(0x5A);

                // pop rcx

                shellcode.Add(0x59);

                // pop rbx

                shellcode.Add(0x5B);

                // pop rax

                shellcode.Add(0x58);

                // popf

                shellcode.Add(0x9D);

                // ret

                shellcode.Add(0xC3);
            }

            return shellcode.ToArray();
        }

private byte[] ConstructExtraField(bool forCentralDirectory)
        {
            var listOfBlocks = new System.Collections.Generic.List<byte[]>();
            byte[] block;

            // Conditionally emit an extra field with Zip64 information.  If the
            // Zip64 option is Always, we emit the field, before knowing that it's
            // necessary.  Later, if it turns out this entry does not need zip64,
            // we'll set the header ID to rubbish and the data will be ignored.
            // This results in additional overhead metadata in the zip file, but
            // it will be small in comparison to the entry data.
            //
            // On the other hand if the Zip64 option is AsNecessary and it's NOT
            // for the central directory, then we do the same thing.  Or, if the
            // Zip64 option is AsNecessary and it IS for the central directory,
            // and the entry requires zip64, then emit the header.
            if (_container.Zip64 == Zip64Option.Always ||
                (_container.Zip64 == Zip64Option.AsNecessary &&
                 (!forCentralDirectory || _entryRequiresZip64.Value)))
            {
                // add extra field for zip64 here
                // workitem 7924
                int sz = 4 + (forCentralDirectory ? 28 : 16);
                block = new byte[sz];
                int i = 0;

                if (_presumeZip64 || forCentralDirectory)
                {
                    // HeaderId = always use zip64 extensions.
                    block[i++] = 0x01;
                    block[i++] = 0x00;
                }
                else
                {
                    // HeaderId = dummy data now, maybe set to 0x0001 (ZIP64) later.
                    block[i++] = 0x99;
                    block[i++] = 0x99;
                }

                // DataSize
                block[i++] = (byte)(sz - 4);  // decimal 28 or 16  (workitem 7924)
                block[i++] = 0x00;

                // The actual metadata - we may or may not have real values yet...

                // uncompressed size
                Array.Copy(BitConverter.GetBytes(_UncompressedSize), 0, block, i, 8);
                i += 8;
                // compressed size
                Array.Copy(BitConverter.GetBytes(_CompressedSize), 0, block, i, 8);
                i += 8;

                // workitem 7924 - only include this if the "extra" field is for
                // use in the central directory.  It is unnecessary and not useful
                // for local header; makes WinZip choke.
                if (forCentralDirectory)
                {
                    // relative offset
                    Array.Copy(BitConverter.GetBytes(_RelativeOffsetOfLocalHeader), 0, block, i, 8);
                    i += 8;

                    // starting disk number
                    Array.Copy(BitConverter.GetBytes(0), 0, block, i, 4);
                }
                listOfBlocks.Add(block);
            }


#if AESCRYPTO
            if (Encryption == EncryptionAlgorithm.WinZipAes128 ||
                Encryption == EncryptionAlgorithm.WinZipAes256)
            {
                block = new byte[4 + 7];
                int i = 0;
                // extra field for WinZip AES
                // header id
                block[i++] = 0x01;
                block[i++] = 0x99;

                // data size
                block[i++] = 0x07;
                block[i++] = 0x00;

                // vendor number
                block[i++] = 0x01;  // AE-1 - means "Verify CRC"
                block[i++] = 0x00;

                // vendor id "AE"
                block[i++] = 0x41;
                block[i++] = 0x45;

                // key strength
                int keystrength = GetKeyStrengthInBits(Encryption);
                if (keystrength == 128)
                    block[i] = 1;
                else if (keystrength == 256)
                    block[i] = 3;
                else
                    block[i] = 0xFF;
                i++;

                // actual compression method
                block[i++] = (byte)(_CompressionMethod & 0x00FF);
                block[i++] = (byte)(_CompressionMethod & 0xFF00);

                listOfBlocks.Add(block);
            }
#endif

            if (_ntfsTimesAreSet && _emitNtfsTimes)
            {
                block = new byte[32 + 4];
                // HeaderId   2 bytes    0x000a == NTFS times
                // Datasize   2 bytes    32
                // reserved   4 bytes    ?? don't care
                // timetag    2 bytes    0x0001 == NTFS time
                // size       2 bytes    24 == 8 bytes each for ctime, mtime, atime
                // mtime      8 bytes    win32 ticks since win32epoch
                // atime      8 bytes    win32 ticks since win32epoch
                // ctime      8 bytes    win32 ticks since win32epoch
                int i = 0;
                // extra field for NTFS times
                // header id
                block[i++] = 0x0a;
                block[i++] = 0x00;

                // data size
                block[i++] = 32;
                block[i++] = 0;

                i += 4; // reserved

                // time tag
                block[i++] = 0x01;
                block[i++] = 0x00;

                // data size (again)
                block[i++] = 24;
                block[i++] = 0;

                Int64 z = _Mtime.ToFileTime();
                Array.Copy(BitConverter.GetBytes(z), 0, block, i, 8);
                i += 8;
                z = _Atime.ToFileTime();
                Array.Copy(BitConverter.GetBytes(z), 0, block, i, 8);
                i += 8;
                z = _Ctime.ToFileTime();
                Array.Copy(BitConverter.GetBytes(z), 0, block, i, 8);
                i += 8;

                listOfBlocks.Add(block);
            }

            if (_ntfsTimesAreSet && _emitUnixTimes)
            {
                int len = 5 + 4;
                if (!forCentralDirectory) len += 8;

                block = new byte[len];
                // local form:
                // --------------
                // HeaderId   2 bytes    0x5455 == unix timestamp
                // Datasize   2 bytes    13
                // flags      1 byte     7 (low three bits all set)
                // mtime      4 bytes    seconds since unix epoch
                // atime      4 bytes    seconds since unix epoch
                // ctime      4 bytes    seconds since unix epoch
                //
                // central directory form:
                //---------------------------------
                // HeaderId   2 bytes    0x5455 == unix timestamp
                // Datasize   2 bytes    5
                // flags      1 byte     7 (low three bits all set)
                // mtime      4 bytes    seconds since unix epoch
                //
                int i = 0;
                // extra field for "unix" times
                // header id
                block[i++] = 0x55;
                block[i++] = 0x54;

                // data size
                block[i++] = unchecked((byte)(len - 4));
                block[i++] = 0;

                // flags
                block[i++] = 0x07;

                Int32 z = unchecked((int)((_Mtime - _unixEpoch).TotalSeconds));
                Array.Copy(BitConverter.GetBytes(z), 0, block, i, 4);
                i += 4;
                if (!forCentralDirectory)
                {
                    z = unchecked((int)((_Atime - _unixEpoch).TotalSeconds));
                    Array.Copy(BitConverter.GetBytes(z), 0, block, i, 4);
                    i += 4;
                    z = unchecked((int)((_Ctime - _unixEpoch).TotalSeconds));
                    Array.Copy(BitConverter.GetBytes(z), 0, block, i, 4);
                    i += 4;
                }
                listOfBlocks.Add(block);
            }


            // inject other blocks here...


            // concatenate any blocks we've got:
            byte[] aggregateBlock = null;
            if (listOfBlocks.Count > 0)
            {
                int totalLength = 0;
                int i, current = 0;
                for (i = 0; i < listOfBlocks.Count; i++)
                    totalLength += listOfBlocks[i].Length;
                aggregateBlock = new byte[totalLength];
                for (i = 0; i < listOfBlocks.Count; i++)
                {
                    System.Array.Copy(listOfBlocks[i], 0, aggregateBlock, current, listOfBlocks[i].Length);
                    current += listOfBlocks[i].Length;
                }
            }

            return aggregateBlock;
        }

internal static byte[] GetHashFinalBlock(byte[] input, int ibStart, int cbSize, ABCDStruct ABCD, long len)
        {
            byte[] destinationArray = new byte[0x40];
            byte[] bytes = BitConverter.GetBytes(len);
            Array.Copy(input, ibStart, destinationArray, 0, cbSize);
            destinationArray[cbSize] = 0x80;
            if (cbSize <= 0x38)
            {
                Array.Copy(bytes, 0, destinationArray, 0x38, 8);
                GetHashBlock(destinationArray, ref ABCD, 0);
            }
            else
            {
                GetHashBlock(destinationArray, ref ABCD, 0);
                destinationArray = new byte[0x40];
                Array.Copy(bytes, 0, destinationArray, 0x38, 8);
                GetHashBlock(destinationArray, ref ABCD, 0);
            }
            byte[] buffer3 = new byte[0x10];
            Array.Copy(BitConverter.GetBytes(ABCD.A), 0, buffer3, 0, 4);
            Array.Copy(BitConverter.GetBytes(ABCD.B), 0, buffer3, 4, 4);
            Array.Copy(BitConverter.GetBytes(ABCD.C), 0, buffer3, 8, 4);
            Array.Copy(BitConverter.GetBytes(ABCD.D), 0, buffer3, 12, 4);
            return buffer3;
        }

private static int ComputeTotp(HashAlgorithm hashAlgorithm, ulong timestepNumber, string modifier)
        {
            // # of 0's = length of pin
            const int Mod = 1000000;

            // See https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4226
            // We can add an optional modifier
            var timestepAsBytes = BitConverter.GetBytes(IPAddress.HostToNetworkOrder((long)timestepNumber));
            var hash = hashAlgorithm.ComputeHash(ApplyModifier(timestepAsBytes, modifier));

            // Generate DT string
            var offset = hash[hash.Length - 1] & 0xf;
            Debug.replacedert(offset + 4 < hash.Length);
            var binaryCode = (hash[offset] & 0x7f) << 24
                             | (hash[offset + 1] & 0xff) << 16
                             | (hash[offset + 2] & 0xff) << 8
                             | (hash[offset + 3] & 0xff);

            return binaryCode % Mod;
        }

public void WriteInt48(Int48 value)
        {
            WriteBytes(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) value), 48);
        }

[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
		protected void Store64BitFrom64 (long input, int offset) {
			var bytes = BitConverter.GetBytes (input);
			this.memory [offset + 0] = bytes [0];
			this.memory [offset + 1] = bytes [1];
			this.memory [offset + 2] = bytes [2];
			this.memory [offset + 3] = bytes [3];
			this.memory [offset + 4] = bytes [4];
			this.memory [offset + 5] = bytes [5];
			this.memory [offset + 6] = bytes [6];
			this.memory [offset + 7] = bytes [7];
		}

protected static void UpdateLength(RdpPacket packet, string Identifier)
        {
            Fixup fixup = m_Fixup[Identifier];
            m_Fixup.Remove(Identifier);
            long position = packet.Position;

            if (fixup.Length != -1)
            {
                long num2 = packet.Position - fixup.Offset;

                if (num2 != fixup.Length)
                {
                    throw new Exception("DER Tag length invalid");
                }
            }
            else
            {
                long num3 = packet.Position - (fixup.Offset + 1L);
                byte[] bytes = BitConverter.GetBytes(num3);
                packet.Position = fixup.Offset;

                if (num3 > 0xffffffL)
                {
                    packet.WriteByte(0x84);
                    packet.InsertByte(bytes[3]);
                    position += 1L;
                    packet.InsertByte(bytes[2]);
                    position += 1L;
                    packet.InsertByte(bytes[1]);
                    position += 1L;
                    packet.InsertByte(bytes[0]);
                    position += 1L;
                }
                else if (num3 > 0xffffL)
                {
                    packet.WriteByte(0x83);
                    packet.InsertByte(bytes[2]);
                    position += 1L;
                    packet.InsertByte(bytes[1]);
                    position += 1L;
                    packet.InsertByte(bytes[0]);
                    position += 1L;
                }
                else if (num3 > 0xffL)
                {
                    packet.WriteByte(130);
                    packet.InsertByte(bytes[1]);
                    position += 1L;
                    packet.InsertByte(bytes[0]);
                    position += 1L;
                }
                else if (num3 > 0x7fL)
                {
                    packet.WriteByte(0x81);
                    packet.InsertByte(bytes[0]);
                    position += 1L;
                }
                else
                {
                    packet.WriteByte(bytes[0]);
                }

                packet.Position = position;
            }
        }

[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
		protected void Store16BitFrom64 (long input, int offset) {
			var bytes = BitConverter.GetBytes (input);
			this.memory [offset + 0] = bytes [0];
			this.memory [offset + 1] = bytes [1];
		}

public BytesWriter WriteLong(Int64 value) {
            var bytes = BitConverter.GetBytes(value);
            EndianUtility.EndianCorrection(bytes);
            WriteBytes(bytes);
            return this;
        }

public KeyValuePair<int, IntPtr> BuildEntryPatch(IntPtr dest)
        {
            int i = 0;
            IntPtr ptr;

            ptr = Marshal.AllocHGlobal((IntPtr)PatchSize);

            unsafe
            {

                var p = (byte*)ptr;
                byte[] tmp = null;

                if (IntPtr.Size == 4)
                {
                    p[i] = 0xb8; // mov eax, <imm4>
                    i++;
                    var val = (Int32)dest;
                    tmp = BitConverter.GetBytes(val);
                }
                else
                {
                    p[i] = 0x48; // rex
                    i++;
                    p[i] = 0xb8; // mov rax, <imm8>
                    i++;

                    var val = (Int64)dest;
                    tmp = BitConverter.GetBytes(val);
                }

                for (int j = 0; j < IntPtr.Size; j++)
                    p[i + j] = tmp[j];

                i += IntPtr.Size;
                p[i] = 0xff;
                i++;
                p[i] = 0xe0; // jmp [r|e]ax
                i++;
            }

            return new KeyValuePair<int, IntPtr>(i, ptr);
        }

public static void Write(byte[] buffer, ref int offset, long value)
        {
            buffer.CannotBeNullOrEmpty();
            offset.MustBeGreaterThanOrEqualTo(0);
            offset.MustBeLessThanOrEqualTo(buffer.Length - LongLength);

            Copy(BitConverter.GetBytes(IPAddress.HostToNetworkOrder(value)), 0, buffer, ref offset, LongLength);
        }

public static byte[] ToBytes(this long n, bool bigEndian = true)
        {
            var bytes = BitConverter.GetBytes(n);
            return GetBytesWithEndian(bytes, bigEndian);
        }

public void SetInt64(int index, long value)
		{
			byte[] blob = BitConverter.GetBytes(value);
			InternalSwap(blob);
			SetBytes(index, blob);
		}

public static byte[] GetJmpBytes(IntPtr destination)
            {
                switch (RuntimeInformation.ProcessArchitecture)
                {
                    case Architecture.Arm:
                        {
                            // LDR PC, [PC, #-4]
                            // $addr
                            byte[] result = new byte[8];

                            result[0] = 0x04;
                            result[1] = 0xF0;
                            result[2] = 0x1F;
                            result[3] = 0xE5;

                            BitConverter.GetBytes(destination.ToInt32()).CopyTo(result, 4);

                            return result;
                        }

                    case Architecture.Arm64:
                        {
                            // LDR PC, [PC, #-4]
                            // $addr
                            byte[] result = new byte[12];

                            result[0] = 0x04;
                            result[1] = 0xF0;
                            result[2] = 0x1F;
                            result[3] = 0xE5;

                            BitConverter.GetBytes(destination.ToInt64()).CopyTo(result, 4);

                            return result;
                        }

                    case Architecture.X64:
                        {
                            // movabs rax,$addr
                            // jmp rax
                            byte[] result = new byte[12];

                            result[0] = 0x48;
                            result[1] = 0xB8;
                            result[10] = 0xFF;
                            result[11] = 0xE0;

                            BitConverter.GetBytes(destination.ToInt64()).CopyTo(result, 2);

                            return result;
                        }

                    case Architecture.X86:
                        {
                            // push $addr
                            // ret
                            byte[] result = new byte[6];

                            result[0] = 0x68;
                            result[5] = 0xC3;

                            BitConverter.GetBytes(destination.ToInt32()).CopyTo(result, 1);

                            return result;
                        }

                    default:
                        throw UnsupportedArchitecture;
                }
            }

public static ModbusObject[] ToModbusRegister(this long value, ushort address, bool inverseRegisters = false)
		{
			byte[] bytes = BitConverter.GetBytes(value);
			if (BitConverter.IsLittleEndian)
				Array.Reverse(bytes);

			var registers = new ModbusObject[bytes.Length / 2];
			if (inverseRegisters)
			{
				int startAddress = address + registers.Length - 1;
				for (int i = 0; i < registers.Length; i++)
				{
					registers[i] = new ModbusObject
					{
						Address = (ushort)(startAddress - i),
						Type = ModbusObjectType.HoldingRegister,
						HiByte = bytes[i * 2],
						LoByte = bytes[i * 2 + 1]
					};
				}
			}
			else
			{
				for (int i = 0; i < registers.Length; i++)
				{
					registers[i] = new ModbusObject
					{
						Address = (ushort)(address + i),
						Type = ModbusObjectType.HoldingRegister,
						HiByte = bytes[i * 2],
						LoByte = bytes[i * 2 + 1]
					};
				}
			}
			return registers;
		}

public override void ConfigureServices(ServiceConfigurationContext context)
        {
            var services = context.Services;
            var transactionList = new List<Transaction>
            {
                new Transaction
                {
                    From = SampleAddress.AddressList[0],
                    To = SampleAddress.AddressList[1],
                    MethodName = "GenerateConsensusTransactions"
                }
            };
            services.AddTransient(o =>
            {
                var mockService = new Mock<ISystemTransactionGenerator>();
                mockService.Setup(m =>
                    m.GenerateTransactionsAsync(It.IsAny<Address>(), It.IsAny<long>(), It.IsAny<Hash>()));

                return mockService.Object;
            });

            services.AddTransient(o =>
            {
                var mockService = new Mock<ISystemTransactionGenerationService>();
                mockService.Setup(m =>
                        m.GenerateSystemTransactionsAsync(It.IsAny<Address>(), It.IsAny<long>(), It.IsAny<Hash>()))
                    .Returns(Task.FromResult(transactionList));

                return mockService.Object;
            });

            services.AddTransient<IBlockExecutingService, TestBlockExecutingService>();


            //For BlockExtraDataService testing.
            services.AddTransient(
                builder =>
                {
                    var dataProvider = new Mock<IBlockExtraDataProvider>();

                    ByteString bs = ByteString.CopyFrom(BitConverter.GetBytes(long.MaxValue - 1));

                    dataProvider.Setup(m => m.GetBlockHeaderExtraDataAsync(It.IsAny<BlockHeader>()))
                        .Returns(Task.FromResult(bs));

                    dataProvider.Setup(d => d.BlockHeaderExtraDataKey).Returns("TestExtraDataKey");

                    return dataProvider.Object;
                });
            services.AddTransient(provider =>
            {
                var mockService = new Mock<ISmartContractAddressService>();
                return mockService.Object;
            });

            services.AddTransient<BlockValidationProvider>();
        }

public static List<IntPtr> RemovePointers(MachineType mt, List<IntPtr> srcList, byte[] bytes)
        {
            bool nullByte = false;
            foreach (byte b in bytes)
            {
                if (b == 0x00)
                {
                    nullByte = true;
                }
            }

            for (int i = 0; i < srcList.Count; i++)
            {
                bool removed = false;
                var ptr = BitConverter.GetBytes((long)srcList[i]);
                for(int j = 0; j < ptr.Length; j++)
                {
                    for(int k = 0; k < bytes.Length; k++)
                    {
                        if (bytes[k] == ptr[j] && removed == false)
                        {
                            srcList.RemoveAt(i);
                            removed = true;
                            i--;
                        }
                        if(mt == MachineType.I386 && removed == false && nullByte == true)
                        {
                            if(srcList[i].ToString("X8").Length < 7)
                            {
                                srcList.RemoveAt(i);
                                removed = true;
                                i--;
                            }
                        }
                        else if(mt == MachineType.x64 && removed == false && nullByte == true)
                        {
                            if (srcList[i].ToString("X").Length < 15)
                            {
                                srcList.RemoveAt(i);
                                removed = true;
                                i--;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            return srcList;
        }

public byte[] ProcessChallenge(byte[] Challenge)
        {
            byte[] bytes;
            RdpPacket packet = new RdpPacket();
            this.m_ChallengeMsg = Challenge;
            packet.Write(Challenge, 0, Challenge.Length);
            packet.Position = 0L;
            long position = packet.Position;

            if (packet.ReadString(8) != "NTLMSSP\0")
            {
                throw new Exception("Invalid negotiation token!");
            }

            if (packet.ReadLittleEndian32() != 2)
            {
                throw new Exception("Expected challenge!");
            }

            int count = packet.ReadLittleEndian16();
            packet.ReadLittleEndian16();
            int num4 = packet.ReadLittleEndian32();
            uint flags = (uint) packet.ReadLittleEndian32();
            DumpFlags(flags);
            byte[] buffer = new byte[8];
            packet.Read(buffer, 0, 8);
            DumpHex(buffer, buffer.Length, "Server Challenge");
            byte[] buffer2 = new byte[8];
            packet.Read(buffer2, 0, 8);
            int num5 = packet.ReadLittleEndian16();
            packet.ReadLittleEndian16();
            int num6 = packet.ReadLittleEndian32();

            if ((flags & 0x2000000) != 0)
            {
                byte[] buffer3 = new byte[8];
                packet.Read(buffer3, 0, 8);
            }

            if ((flags & 0x20000000) == 0)
            {
                throw new Exception("Strong Encryption not supported by server");
            }

            byte[] buffer4 = null;

            if (count > 0)
            {
                buffer4 = new byte[count];
                packet.Position = position + num4;
                packet.Read(buffer4, 0, count);
                Encoding.Unicode.GetString(buffer4, 0, buffer4.Length);
            }

            AV_PAIRS av_pairs = new AV_PAIRS();
            byte[] buffer5 = null;

            if (num5 <= 0)
            {
                throw new Exception("No TargetInfo!");
            }

            packet.Position = position + num6;
            buffer5 = new byte[num5];
            packet.Read(buffer5, 0, num5);
            packet = new RdpPacket();
            packet.Write(buffer5, 0, buffer5.Length);
            packet.Position = 0L;
            av_pairs.Parse(packet);

            buffer5 = av_pairs.Serialise();

            byte[] data = nTOWFv2(this.m_sDomain, this.m_sUsername, this.m_sPreplacedword);

            if (Network.Logger != null)
            {
                if (Network.Logger.Reading)
                {
                    data = this.m_Socket.GetBlob(PacketLogger.PacketType.NTLM_ResponseKeyNT);
                }
                else
                {
                    this.m_Socket.AddBlob(PacketLogger.PacketType.NTLM_ResponseKeyNT, data);
                }
            }

            byte[] blob = new byte[8];
            RNGCryptoServiceProvider provider = new RNGCryptoServiceProvider();
            provider.GetBytes(blob);

            if (Network.Logger != null)
            {
                if (Network.Logger.Reading)
                {
                    blob = this.m_Socket.GetBlob(PacketLogger.PacketType.NTLM_ClientChallenge);
                }
                else
                {
                    this.m_Socket.AddBlob(PacketLogger.PacketType.NTLM_ClientChallenge, blob);
                }
            }

            DumpHex(blob, blob.Length, "Client Challenge");
            byte[] buffer8 = getLMv2Response(data, buffer, blob);
            DumpHex(buffer8, buffer8.Length, "LM Response");

            if (this.m_bNTLMv2)
            {
                Array.Clear(buffer8, 0, buffer8.Length);
            }

            bool bGenerateMIC = false;

            if ((av_pairs.Timestamp.length <= 0) || !this.m_bNTLMv2)
            {
                bytes = BitConverter.GetBytes(DateTime.UtcNow.ToFileTimeUtc());
            }
            else
            {
                bytes = av_pairs.Timestamp.value;
                bGenerateMIC = true;
                av_pairs.ProcessForNTLMv2();
                buffer5 = av_pairs.Serialise();
            }

            DumpHex(buffer5, buffer5.Length, "targetinfo");
            byte[] keyExchangeKey = null;
            byte[] buffer11 = getNTLMv2Response(data, buffer, blob, bytes, buffer5, out keyExchangeKey);
            DumpHex(buffer11, buffer11.Length, "NTLMv2 Response");

            if (Network.Logger != null)
            {
                if (Network.Logger.Reading)
                {
                    keyExchangeKey = this.m_Socket.GetBlob(PacketLogger.PacketType.NTLM_KeyExchangeKey);
                }
                else
                {
                    this.m_Socket.AddBlob(PacketLogger.PacketType.NTLM_KeyExchangeKey, keyExchangeKey);
                }
            }

            byte[] encryptedRandomSessionKey = null;
            byte[] buffer13 = null;
            buffer13 = new byte[0x10];
            provider.GetBytes(buffer13);

            if (Network.Logger != null)
            {
                if (Network.Logger.Reading)
                {
                    buffer13 = this.m_Socket.GetBlob(PacketLogger.PacketType.NTLM_ExportedSessionKey);
                }
                else
                {
                    this.m_Socket.AddBlob(PacketLogger.PacketType.NTLM_ExportedSessionKey, buffer13);
                }
            }

            encryptedRandomSessionKey = new byte[0x10];
            RC4 rc = new RC4();
            rc.engineInitEncrypt(keyExchangeKey);
            encryptedRandomSessionKey = rc.crypt(buffer13);

            if ((flags & 0x40000000) == 0)
            {
                encryptedRandomSessionKey = new byte[0];
                buffer13 = keyExchangeKey;
            }

            this.InitSignKeys(buffer13);

            return this.Authenticate(buffer8, buffer11, this.m_sDomain, this.m_sUsername, this.m_sWorkstation, encryptedRandomSessionKey, buffer13, bGenerateMIC);
        }

internal ErcResult<List<Tuple<byte[], byte[]>>> BuildSehChain()
        {
            ErcResult<List<Tuple<byte[], byte[]>>> sehList = new ErcResult<List<Tuple<byte[], byte[]>>>(ThreadCore);
            sehList.ReturnValue = new List<Tuple<byte[], byte[]>>();

            if (Teb.Equals(default(TEB)))
            {
                sehList.Error = new Exception("Error: TEB structure for this thread has not yet been populated. Call PopulateTEB first");
                return sehList;
            }

            if(Teb.CurrentSehFrame == IntPtr.Zero)
            {
                sehList.Error = new Exception("Error: No SEH chain has been generated yet. An SEH chain will not be generated until a crash occurs.");
                return sehList;
            }

            byte[] sehEntry;
            byte[] sehFinal;

            int arraySize = 0;
            if(X64 == MachineType.x64)
            {
                arraySize = 8;
                sehEntry = new byte[arraySize];
                sehFinal = new byte[arraySize];
                sehEntry = BitConverter.GetBytes((long)Teb.CurrentSehFrame);
            }
            else
            {
                arraySize = 4;
                sehEntry = new byte[arraySize];
                sehFinal = new byte[arraySize];
                sehEntry = BitConverter.GetBytes((int)Teb.CurrentSehFrame);
            }
            
            for (int i = 0; i < sehFinal.Length; i++)
            {
                sehFinal[i] = 0xFF;
            }

            byte[] prevSEH = new byte[] { 0xFF };
            string pattern_standard = File.ReadAllText(ThreadCore.PatternStandardPath);
            string pattern_extended = File.ReadAllText(ThreadCore.PatternExtendedPath);
            while (!sehEntry.SequenceEqual(sehFinal))
            {
                byte[] reversedSehEntry = new byte[arraySize];
                byte[] nSeh = new byte[arraySize];
                byte[] sehHolder = new byte[arraySize * 2];
                
                int ret = 0;

                if(X64 == MachineType.x64)
                {
                    ret = ErcCore.ReadProcessMemory(ThreadProcess.ProcessHandle, (IntPtr)BitConverter.ToInt64(sehEntry, 0), sehHolder, arraySize * 2, out int retInt);
                    Array.Copy(sehHolder, 0, sehEntry, 0, arraySize);
                    Array.Copy(sehHolder, arraySize, nSeh, 0, arraySize);
                }
                else
                {
                    ret = ErcCore.ReadProcessMemory(ThreadProcess.ProcessHandle, (IntPtr)BitConverter.ToInt32(sehEntry, 0), sehHolder, arraySize * 2, out int retInt);
                    Array.Copy(sehHolder, 0, sehEntry, 0, arraySize);
                    Array.Copy(sehHolder, arraySize, nSeh, 0, arraySize);
                }

                if (ret != 0 && ret != 1)
                {
                    ERCException e = new ERCException("System error: An error occured when executing ReadProcessMemory\n Process Handle = 0x"
                    + ThreadProcess.ProcessHandle.ToString("X") + " TEB Current Seh = 0x" + Teb.CurrentSehFrame.ToString("X") +
                    " Return value = " + ret + Environment.NewLine + "Win32Exception: " + new Win32Exception(Marshal.GetLastWin32Error()).Message);
                    sehList.Error = e;
                    sehList.LogEvent();
                    return sehList;
                }

                Array.Reverse(nSeh);

                for(int i = 0; i < sehEntry.Length; i++)
                {
                    reversedSehEntry[i] = sehEntry[i];
                }

                Array.Reverse(reversedSehEntry, 0, reversedSehEntry.Length);
                if (prevSEH.SequenceEqual(reversedSehEntry))
                {
                    sehEntry = new byte[sehFinal.Length];
                    Array.Copy(sehFinal, 0, sehEntry, 0, sehFinal.Length);
                }
                else if (!sehEntry.SequenceEqual(sehFinal) && !sehList.ReturnValue.Any(e => e.Item1.SequenceEqual(reversedSehEntry)))
                {
                    Tuple<byte[], byte[]> tuple = new Tuple<byte[], byte[]>(reversedSehEntry, nSeh);
                    sehList.ReturnValue.Add(tuple);
                }

                if (pattern_standard.Contains(Encoding.Unicode.GetString(reversedSehEntry)) ||
                    pattern_extended.Contains(Encoding.Unicode.GetString(reversedSehEntry)))
                {
                    sehEntry = new byte[sehFinal.Length];
                    Array.Copy(sehFinal, 0, sehEntry, 0, sehFinal.Length);
                }

                if (pattern_standard.Contains(Encoding.ASCII.GetString(reversedSehEntry)) ||
                    pattern_extended.Contains(Encoding.ASCII.GetString(reversedSehEntry)))
                {
                    sehEntry = new byte[sehFinal.Length];
                    Array.Copy(sehFinal, 0, sehEntry, 0, sehFinal.Length);
                }

                if (pattern_standard.Contains(Encoding.UTF32.GetString(reversedSehEntry)) ||
                    pattern_extended.Contains(Encoding.UTF32.GetString(reversedSehEntry)))
                {
                    sehEntry = new byte[sehFinal.Length];
                    Array.Copy(sehFinal, 0, sehEntry, 0, sehFinal.Length);
                }

                if (pattern_standard.Contains(Encoding.UTF7.GetString(reversedSehEntry)) ||
                    pattern_extended.Contains(Encoding.UTF7.GetString(reversedSehEntry)))
                {
                    sehEntry = new byte[sehFinal.Length];
                    Array.Copy(sehFinal, 0, sehEntry, 0, sehFinal.Length);
                }

                if (pattern_standard.Contains(Encoding.UTF8.GetString(reversedSehEntry)) ||
                    pattern_extended.Contains(Encoding.UTF8.GetString(reversedSehEntry)))
                {
                    sehEntry = new byte[sehFinal.Length];
                    Array.Copy(sehFinal, 0, sehEntry, 0, sehFinal.Length);
                }

                prevSEH = new byte[reversedSehEntry.Length];
                Array.Copy(reversedSehEntry, 0, prevSEH, 0, reversedSehEntry.Length);
            }

            SehChain = new List<Tuple<byte[], byte[]>>(sehList.ReturnValue);
            return sehList;
        }

public Guid Next()
        {
            var guidBytes = Guid.NewGuid().ToByteArray();
            var counterBytes = BitConverter.GetBytes(Interlocked.Increment(ref _counter));

            if (!BitConverter.IsLittleEndian)
            {
                Array.Reverse(counterBytes);
            }

            guidBytes[08] = counterBytes[1];
            guidBytes[09] = counterBytes[0];
            guidBytes[10] = counterBytes[7];
            guidBytes[11] = counterBytes[6];
            guidBytes[12] = counterBytes[5];
            guidBytes[13] = counterBytes[4];
            guidBytes[14] = counterBytes[3];
            guidBytes[15] = counterBytes[2];

            return new Guid(guidBytes);
        }

public ReadOnlySequence<byte> Encode(long message)
    {
        var array = BitConverter.GetBytes(message);

        if (BitConverter.IsLittleEndian)
            Array.Reverse(array);

        return new(array);
    }

public static byte[] FromDateTimeOffset(DateTimeOffset data, DateTimeOffset? timestamp = null)
            => BitConverter.GetBytes(data.ToFileTime()).AppendTimestamp(timestamp);

public void WriteReverse(long value)
        {
            this.WriteReverse(BitConverter.GetBytes(value));
        }

private void PrepareDetour()
        {
            // Ensure both methods are JIT compiled
            
            RuntimeHelpers.PrepareMethod(_originalMethodHandle);

            RuntimeHelpers.PrepareMethod(_targetMethodHandle);

            // Construct the shellcode needed to detour the method
            
            var shellcode = new List<byte>();
            
            if (Environment.Is64BitProcess)
            {
                // mov rax, targetMethodAddress
                
                shellcode.AddRange(new byte[] {0x48, 0xB8});
                
                shellcode.AddRange(BitConverter.GetBytes((long) _targetMethodHandle.GetFunctionPointer()));
                
                // jmp rax
                
                shellcode.AddRange(new byte[] {0xFF, 0xE0});
            }

            else
            {
                // mov eax, targetMethodAddress
                
                shellcode.Add(0xB8);
                
                shellcode.AddRange(BitConverter.GetBytes((int) _targetMethodHandle.GetFunctionPointer()));
                
                // jmp eax
                
                shellcode.AddRange(new byte[] {0xFF, 0xE0});
            }

            _detourBytes = shellcode.ToArray();
            
            // Save the bytes of the original method
            
            _originalMethodBytes = new byte[_detourBytes.Length];
            
            Marshal.Copy(_originalMethodHandle.GetFunctionPointer(), _originalMethodBytes, 0, _detourBytes.Length);
        }

private static byte[] GenZip64EndOfCentralDirectory(long StartOfCentralDirectory,
                                                            long EndOfCentralDirectory,
                                                            int entryCount,
                                                            uint numSegments)
        {
            const int bufferLength = 12 + 44 + 20;

            byte[] bytes = new byte[bufferLength];

            int i = 0;
            // signature
            byte[] sig = BitConverter.GetBytes(ZipConstants.Zip64EndOfCentralDirectoryRecordSignature);
            Array.Copy(sig, 0, bytes, i, 4);
            i+=4;

            // There is a possibility to include "Extensible" data in the zip64
            // end-of-central-dir record.  I cannot figure out what it might be used to
            // store, so the size of this record is always fixed.  Maybe it is used for
            // strong encryption data?  That is for another day.
            long DataSize = 44;
            Array.Copy(BitConverter.GetBytes(DataSize), 0, bytes, i, 8);
            i += 8;

            // offset 12
            // VersionMadeBy = 45;
            bytes[i++] = 45;
            bytes[i++] = 0x00;

            // VersionNeededToExtract = 45;
            bytes[i++] = 45;
            bytes[i++] = 0x00;

            // offset 16
            // number of the disk, and the disk with the start of the central dir.
            // (this may change later)
            for (int j = 0; j < 8; j++)
                bytes[i++] = 0x00;

            // offset 24
            long numberOfEntries = entryCount;
            Array.Copy(BitConverter.GetBytes(numberOfEntries), 0, bytes, i, 8);
            i += 8;
            Array.Copy(BitConverter.GetBytes(numberOfEntries), 0, bytes, i, 8);
            i += 8;

            // offset 40
            Int64 SizeofCentraldirectory = EndOfCentralDirectory - StartOfCentralDirectory;
            Array.Copy(BitConverter.GetBytes(SizeofCentraldirectory), 0, bytes, i, 8);
            i += 8;
            Array.Copy(BitConverter.GetBytes(StartOfCentralDirectory), 0, bytes, i, 8);
            i += 8;

            // offset 56
            // now, the locator
            // signature
            sig = BitConverter.GetBytes(ZipConstants.Zip64EndOfCentralDirectoryLocatorSignature);
            Array.Copy(sig, 0, bytes, i, 4);
            i+=4;

            // offset 60
            // number of the disk with the start of the zip64 eocd
            // (this will change later)  (it will?)
            uint x2 = (numSegments==0)?0:(uint)(numSegments-1);
            Array.Copy(BitConverter.GetBytes(x2), 0, bytes, i, 4);
            i+=4;

            // offset 64
            // relative offset of the zip64 eocd
            Array.Copy(BitConverter.GetBytes(EndOfCentralDirectory), 0, bytes, i, 8);
            i += 8;

            // offset 72
            // total number of disks
            // (this will change later)
            Array.Copy(BitConverter.GetBytes(numSegments), 0, bytes, i, 4);
            i+=4;

            return bytes;
        }

public Guid Create(SequentialGuidType guidType)
    {
        lock (_lock)
        {
            var randomBytes = new byte[10];
            _rng.GetBytes(randomBytes);

            var timestamp = DateTime.UtcNow.Ticks / 10000L;
            var timestampBytes = BitConverter.GetBytes(timestamp);

            if (BitConverter.IsLittleEndian)
            {
                Array.Reverse(timestampBytes);
            }

            var guidBytes = new byte[16];

            switch (guidType)
            {
                case SequentialGuidType.Sequentialreplacedtring:
                case SequentialGuidType.SequentialAsBinary:
                    Buffer.BlockCopy(timestampBytes, 2, guidBytes, 0, 6);
                    Buffer.BlockCopy(randomBytes, 0, guidBytes, 6, 10);

                    // If formatting as a string, we have to reverse the order
                    // of the Data1 and Data2 blocks on little-endian systems.
                    if (guidType == SequentialGuidType.Sequentialreplacedtring && BitConverter.IsLittleEndian)
                    {
                        Array.Reverse(guidBytes, 0, 4);
                        Array.Reverse(guidBytes, 4, 2);
                    }
                    break;

                case SequentialGuidType.SequentialAtEnd:
                    Buffer.BlockCopy(randomBytes, 0, guidBytes, 0, 10);
                    Buffer.BlockCopy(timestampBytes, 2, guidBytes, 10, 6);
                    break;
            }

            return new Guid(guidBytes);
        }
    }

public Guid Create(SequentialGuidType guidType)
        {
            // We start with 16 bytes of cryptographically strong random data.
            var randomBytes = new byte[10];
            Rng.Locking(r => r.GetBytes(randomBytes));

            // An alternate method: use a normally-created GUID to get our initial
            // random data:
            // byte[] randomBytes = Guid.NewGuid().ToByteArray();
            // This is faster than using RNGCryptoServiceProvider, but I don't
            // recommend it because the .NET Framework makes no guarantee of the
            // randomness of GUID data, and future versions (or different
            // implementations like Mono) might use a different method.

            // Now we have the random basis for our GUID.  Next, we need to
            // create the six-byte block which will be our timestamp.

            // We start with the number of milliseconds that have elapsed since
            // DateTime.MinValue.  This will form the timestamp.  There's no use
            // being more specific than milliseconds, since DateTime.Now has
            // limited resolution.

            // Using millisecond resolution for our 48-bit timestamp gives us
            // about 5900 years before the timestamp overflows and cycles.
            // Hopefully this should be sufficient for most purposes. :)
            long timestamp = DateTime.UtcNow.Ticks / 10000L;

            // Then get the bytes
            byte[] timestampBytes = BitConverter.GetBytes(timestamp);

            // Since we're converting from an Int64, we have to reverse on
            // little-endian systems.
            if (BitConverter.IsLittleEndian)
            {
                Array.Reverse(timestampBytes);
            }

            byte[] guidBytes = new byte[16];

            switch (guidType)
            {
                case SequentialGuidType.Sequentialreplacedtring:
                case SequentialGuidType.SequentialAsBinary:

                    // For string and byte-array version, we copy the timestamp first, followed
                    // by the random data.
                    Buffer.BlockCopy(timestampBytes, 2, guidBytes, 0, 6);
                    Buffer.BlockCopy(randomBytes, 0, guidBytes, 6, 10);

                    // If formatting as a string, we have to compensate for the fact
                    // that .NET regards the Data1 and Data2 block as an Int32 and an Int16,
                    // respectively.  That means that it switches the order on little-endian
                    // systems.  So again, we have to reverse.
                    if (guidType == SequentialGuidType.Sequentialreplacedtring && BitConverter.IsLittleEndian)
                    {
                        Array.Reverse(guidBytes, 0, 4);
                        Array.Reverse(guidBytes, 4, 2);
                    }

                    break;

                case SequentialGuidType.SequentialAtEnd:

                    // For sequential-at-the-end versions, we copy the random data first,
                    // followed by the timestamp.
                    Buffer.BlockCopy(randomBytes, 0, guidBytes, 0, 10);
                    Buffer.BlockCopy(timestampBytes, 2, guidBytes, 10, 6);
                    break;
            }

            return new Guid(guidBytes);
        }

public void WriteInt64(long value)
        {
            WriteBytes(BitConverter.GetBytes(value), 64);
        }

public static byte[] FromInt64(long data, DateTimeOffset? timestamp = null)
            => BitConverter.GetBytes(data).AppendTimestamp(timestamp);

private void WaitForConnectionCallback(IAsyncResult result)
        {
            if (server == null)
            {
                return;
            }

            try
            {
                server.EndWaitForConnection(result);
            }
            catch (ObjectDisposedException)
            {
                return;
            }

            byte[] replySizeBuffer = new byte[sizeof(int)];
            server.ProperRead(replySizeBuffer, 0, replySizeBuffer.Length);

            int messageLength = BitConverter.ToInt32(replySizeBuffer, 0);

            byte[] messageBytes = new byte[messageLength];

            server.ProperRead(messageBytes, 0, messageLength);

            List<string> parameters = DecodeMessageBuffer(messageBytes);

            if (!TryGetValue(parameters[0], "command=", out string command))
            {
                throw new InvalidOperationException("The first item must be a command.");
            }

            if (command.Equals("gmic_qt_get_max_layer_size", StringComparison.Ordinal))
            {
                if (!TryGetValue(parameters[1], "mode=", out string mode))
                {
                    throw new InvalidOperationException("The second item must be the input mode.");
                }

                InputMode inputMode = ParseInputMode(mode);

#if DEBUG
                System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine("'gmic_qt_get_max_layer_size' received. mode=" + inputMode.ToString());
#endif
                string reply = GetMaxLayerSize(inputMode);

                SendMessage(server, reply);
            }
            else if (command.Equals("gmic_qt_get_cropped_images", StringComparison.Ordinal))
            {
                if (!TryGetValue(parameters[1], "mode=", out string mode))
                {
                    throw new InvalidOperationException("The second item must be the input mode.");
                }

                if (!TryGetValue(parameters[2], "croprect=", out string packedCropRect))
                {
                    throw new InvalidOperationException("The third item must be the crop rectangle.");
                }

                InputMode inputMode = ParseInputMode(mode);
                RectangleF cropRect = GetCropRectangle(packedCropRect);

#if DEBUG
                System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine(string.Format(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture,
                                                                 "'gmic_qt_get_cropped_images' received. mode={0}, cropRect={1}",
                                                                 inputMode.ToString(), cropRect.ToString()));
#endif
                string reply = PrepareCroppedLayers(inputMode, cropRect);

                SendMessage(server, reply);
            }
            else if (command.Equals("gmic_qt_output_images", StringComparison.Ordinal))
            {
                if (!TryGetValue(parameters[1], "mode=", out string mode))
                {
                    throw new InvalidOperationException("The second item must be the output mode.");
                }

                OutputMode outputMode = ParseOutputMode(mode);

#if DEBUG
                System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine("'gmic_qt_output_images' received. mode=" + outputMode.ToString());
#endif

                List<string> outputLayers = parameters.GetRange(2, parameters.Count - 2);

                string reply = ProcessOutputImage(outputLayers, outputMode);
                SendMessage(server, reply);
            }
            else if (command.Equals("gmic_qt_release_shared_memory", StringComparison.Ordinal))
            {
#if DEBUG
                System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine("'gmic_qt_release_shared_memory' received.");
#endif

                for (int i = 0; i < memoryMappedFiles.Count; i++)
                {
                    memoryMappedFiles[i].Dispose();
                }
                memoryMappedFiles.Clear();

                SendMessage(server, "done");
            }
            else if (command.Equals("gmic_qt_get_max_layer_data_length", StringComparison.Ordinal))
            {
                // This command is used to prevent images larger than 4GB from being used on a 32-bit version of G'MIC.
                // Attempting to map an image that size into memory would cause an integer overflow when casting a 64-bit
                // integer to the unsigned 32-bit size_t type.
                long maxDataLength = 0;

                foreach (GmicLayer layer in layers)
                {
                    maxDataLength = Math.Max(maxDataLength, layer.Surface.Scan0.Length);
                }

                server.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes(sizeof(long)), 0, 4);
                server.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes(maxDataLength), 0, 8);
            }

            // Wait for the acknowledgment that the client is done reading.
            if (server.IsConnected)
            {
                byte[] doneMessageBuffer = new byte[4];
                int bytesRead = 0;
                int bytesToRead = doneMessageBuffer.Length;

                do
                {
                    int n = server.Read(doneMessageBuffer, bytesRead, bytesToRead);

                    bytesRead += n;
                    bytesToRead -= n;

                } while (bytesToRead > 0 && server.IsConnected);
            }

            // Start a new server and wait for the next connection.
            server.Dispose();
            server = new NamedPipeServerStream(pipeName, PipeDirection.InOut, 1, PipeTransmissionMode.Byte, PipeOptions.Asynchronous);

            server.BeginWaitForConnection(WaitForConnectionCallback, null);
        }

public static void SerializeLong(List<byte> byteList, long data)
    {
        byteList.AddRange(BitConverter.GetBytes(data));
    }

public static byte[] GetJmpBytes(IntPtr destination)
        {
            switch (RuntimeInformation.ProcessArchitecture)
            {
                case Architecture.Arm:
                {
                    // LDR PC, [PC, #-4]
                    // $addr
                    byte[] result = new byte[8];

                    result[0] = 0x04;
                    result[1] = 0xF0;
                    result[2] = 0x1F;
                    result[3] = 0xE5;

                    BitConverter.GetBytes(destination.ToInt32()).CopyTo(result, 4);

                    return result;
                }

                case Architecture.Arm64:
                {
                    // LDR PC, [PC, #-4]
                    // $addr
                    byte[] result = new byte[12];

                    result[0] = 0x04;
                    result[1] = 0xF0;
                    result[2] = 0x1F;
                    result[3] = 0xE5;

                    BitConverter.GetBytes(destination.ToInt64()).CopyTo(result, 4);

                    return result;
                }

                case Architecture.X64:
                {
                    // movabs rax,$addr
                    // jmp rax
                    byte[] result = new byte[12];

                    result[0] = 0x48;
                    result[1] = 0xB8;
                    result[10] = 0xFF;
                    result[11] = 0xE0;

                    BitConverter.GetBytes(destination.ToInt64()).CopyTo(result, 2);

                    return result;
                }

                case Architecture.X86:
                {
                    // push $addr
                    // ret
                    byte[] result = new byte[6];

                    result[0] = 0x68;
                    result[5] = 0xC3;

                    BitConverter.GetBytes(destination.ToInt32()).CopyTo(result, 1);

                    return result;
                }

                default:
                    throw UnsupportedArchitecture;
            }
        }

public static byte[] GetBytes(this long value) {
            return BitConverter.GetBytes(value);
        }

public static byte[] GetBytes(this long value)
        {
            return BitConverter.GetBytes(value);
        }

See More Examples